Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Essay

thither ar galore(postnominal) payoffs in a mortals life that crumb be considered injurytic. Trauma sack up be easily described as a melancholying endure fountaind by an event or physical injury. The symptoms that retrace a traumatic event can hold disassociation, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Some wad choose to get away with their symptoms in many polar slipway such(prenominal) as substance abuse, medication, and/or therapy. When working with trauma there are many diverse forms of interference. Eye thrust Desensitization and Re treat EMDR is hotshot form of intervention that appears to be rough-and-ready.Eye run desensitisation and re executeing is a give-and-take used in psych former(a)wiseapy to alleviate di judge associated with trauma (Shapiro, 1991). During EMDR guests reprocess randomness slice focus on external stimuli such as, sidelong eye movements, hand tapping, and audio stimulation. Francine Shapiro create EMDR in 1987 after discovering that eye movements had a desensitizing put on herslef, and besides after experimenting she found that others also had the compar fit response to eye movements. In 1987, Shapiro named this shape up to intercession Eye Movement Desensitization.A case study was conducted to test the potentiality of eye movement desensitization. The results indicated there was a significant decrease in distress and increase in confidence in positivity (EMDR Institute, 2012). When this treatment was firstly find it was reported it serves to decrease anxiety and did not claim to eliminate all posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Gaining feedback from thickenings and clinicians this treatment continued to develop. In 1991 reprocessing was added to eye movement desensitization creating EMDR.Adding reprocessing was to glitter the insights and cognitive changes that occurred during treatment and to come across the learning processing theory (that Shapiro developed) to explain the treatment effec ts (2012). In 1995 the EMDR International stand tacit was founded to establish standards for training and practice (Shapiro, 2001). at that place realize been many studies published in regards to posttraumatic stress disorder and demonstrating the stiffness of EMDR. EMDR therapy happens in eight stages. EMDR requires clients to echo about the past, present, and coming(prenominal).The first stage is designed to obtain biography and also to develop treatment planning. Obtaining report information can take one to two sessions or it is something that is continuous end-to-end therapy. Clinicians will discuss with the client the item problem and symptoms resulting from the problem. The client does not have to give much detail in regards to history. Some people will contend and give great information and specifics and there are others who are only homely sharing limited information.With the background information and history collected, the healer will be able to develop a trea tment plan that will identify targets on which to use EMDR (Shapiro, 1991). Targets are the events from the past that created the problem, situations that cause distress, and skills client needs to learn for future well creation (1991). The second flesh is preparation, it is primal to explain the theory of EMDR and how it works. Establishing resonance to en certain(a) clients are reporting holy feelings and changes that are experienced during eye movements is accommodative (Shapiro, 2001).The second stage of treatment the therapist will also ensure the client has several ways to cope with problematical situations. The therapist is able to teach different techniques of imagery and stress reduction techniques that clients can use during sessions. The techniques are used to promptly constitute change in randy neck ruffs (2001). The client at this point is learning self care. The third phase is assessment, in this phase the client will communicate a specific retrospect/ vi ew from the target event. At that fourth dimension a dictation is chosen that expresses a proscribe self precept associated with the event (Shapiro, 2001).The disconfirming views are verbalizations of ban and disturbing emotions that still exist. The common statements include I am bad, I am worthless, I am nothing, etc. The client consequently picks a incontrovertible statement to tack the negative belief. The positive statement should reflect what is countenance in the present (2001). The client is then asked to estimate how legitimate they feel the positive statement is use the one to seen stiffness of Cognition scale one equals tout ensemble false and seven equals completely true (Maxfield, 1999).Also, during the Assessment Phase, the person identifies the negative emotions along with physical sensations associated with the memory. The client is asked to post disturbance on the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) scale, with zero(a) reflecting no disturbance an d ten reflecting the defeat feeling ever had (1999). The next phase focuses on the clients emotions and sensations as they are measured using the stew rating (Shapiro, 2001). The desensitization phase people reprocess past events while management on an external stimulus.This phase allows a chance to identify and resolve equivalent events that may have happened and are associated with the contract event/memory. During desensitization, the therapist will lead the person in sets of eye movement with appropriate changes of focus until his SUDs levels are reduced to zero or a low number. Another phase is the evocation phase. The polish is to increase the positive belief that the person has identified previously to replace the negative belief.The goal is for people to identify and believe in their positive statement and scoring it high on the hardiness of Cognition scale. After the positive belief statements and installation the next phase which is the personate scan phase, the c lient is ask to think about the past target and asked to government broadside and focus on changes in body. The ordinal phase is closure. In this phase the client is asked to keep a log during the workweek of anything related to the memory that may arise. The goal is to ensure that the client leaves feeling break off than the theme of treatment (Shapiro, 1989).It is reported if the processing of the traumatic target event is not complete in a case-by-case session, the therapist will assist the person in using a bod of self-calming techniques in order to regain a sense of stability. The last phase examines the bring forward made thus far. The therapist makes sure positive results on scales have been maintained. The reevaluation phase is vital in order to define the success of the treatment over clock time (Maxfield, 1999). Clients may feel relief intimately immediately with EMDR however it is as important to complete the eight phases of treatment.The goal of EMDR is to pr oduce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client. The beginning of EMDR appears to be similar to impression therapy. at that place are several studies and reviews that have been realised to test the powerfulness of EMDR in treating trauma. EMDR has been found to be an effective treatment for trauma. It has also been found to work faster than other therapies (Cahill, 1999). A study done by Davidson and Parker compared EMDR to no treatment and compared it to other characterization therapies such as prolonged picture (2001).This study explored xxx four studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma. It was discovered that among the thirty four studies, EMDR was found to be effective with an effect size of . 83 when compared to no treatment. It was also found to be a better choice of treatment than other non-exposure therapies such as CBT which only had an effect size of . 55. Con trolled efficacy studies report a decrease in PTSD diagnosing of 70-90% after three to six sessions (Chemtob et al. , 2000). EMDR has been compared with cognitive behavior therapy in past clinical trials.EMDR has also been compared with and found superior to a wide range of other treatments, such as relaxation therapy, biofeedback, standard mental health treatment in a managed care facility, and active listening (Maxfield, 1999). secernate base support has led to EMDR being acknowledged as effective in the treatment of PTSD. Independent reviewers for the American psychological Association reports EMDR and exposure therapy as through empirical observation validated treatments (Chambless et al. , 1998). Also the International edict for Traumatic Stress Studies designated EMDR as effective for PTSD (Shalev et al. , 2000).They noted that EMDR is to a greater extent good than other treatments as it used significantly fewer sessions than behavior therapy and took less time (2000). C ahill found similar results in a literature review conducted. They found that as a whole EMDR is effective in treating trauma, but that it is equally as effective when compared to other exposure therapies (1999). Some studies also indicate that EMDR may be more easily tolerated by clients than other exposure therapies. In a study by Schubert, it was discovered the use of eye-movements in the EMDR process reduced the pulse and heart rate in clients (2010).This suggests a calming experience as the process progresses. EMDR has been extensively researched in the treatment of trauma survivors. EMDR has been tested with survivors of a wide range of traumatic events, using a variety of control conditions, in multiple types of settings, by numerous researchers (Maxfield, 2002). query has also investigated the use of EMDR with victims of rape, physical assault, childhood abuse, natural disasters, accidents, and other traumas (2002). EMDR is a redress technique in which the patient moves h is or her eyes back and forth, while concentrating on the target event or memory causing distress.The therapist waves a pose or empty-headed in bird-scarer of the patient and the patient is supposed to follow the moving stick or light with his or her eyes. EMDR is fast and rapid flack to therapy. While there are many supporters of this type of therapy there are many critics that believe EMDR is pseudoscience. It is suggested, wit evidence based information EMDR is an effective treatment. It is important to note that only clinicians who have received specialised training in EMDR are able to conduct it.