Religious Influences on Vietnam :: essays research papers

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON VIETNAMI understand there to be copious amounts of influential events which triggered trends in Vietnamese culture. The Chinese influence in Vietnam whitethorn have likely led to its communist political system. Vietnamese nationalism may have contributed to the difficulties the French faced during its colonization of Vietnam. However, I weigh that the some relevant contribution to modern Vietnamese culture is the religious diversity and how it contributes to Vietnams closed-door economic and political philosophies. Buddhism is the primary worship in Vietnam. Buddhists trust that the way to become enlightened is to understand the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism and to follow the octonary-Fold Path. Basically, I understand Buddhism to be a very internal religion ground on the spirituality of the self. Various forms of meditation and intense study coupled with the eradication of desire lead to a very defined life-style with niggling or no need for externa l forgiving interaction. Once a Buddhist has achieved what is considered to be the proper behavior and proper knowledge called for by the Eight Fold Path, and after a Buddhist has spent many years manipulating his or her dharma, Buddhists tend to leave behind all belongings and locomotion off into the wilderness trying to achieve nirvana. This religious practice, in my opinion, has had a significant impact on the Vietnamese culture and the way they interact with outsiders. The detail that the Vietnamese are not exceedingly eager to be invaded by foreign corporations and capitalism makes gumption capitalism is not a prerequisite to Buddhism. Taoism was overly introduced to gothic Vietnam and is still noticeably practiced there today. Taoists believe that the way to achieve enlightenment is through chaos. Doing nothing and letting nature take its business line without human interference are the methods by which Taoists feel most spiritual. Although I do not feel that there is a s trong aroma of Taoism in contemporary Vietnam, I nonetheless deduce that it had a significant impact on Vietnamese trends. Compared to Buddhism and certainly Confucianism, which is discussed below, Taoism was an extremely outlandish concept to the Vietnamese when it was starting signal introduced. The fact that sloth and confusion were being rejoiced in a time of awareness and filial piety must have caused a certain sense of sequestration in the Vietnamese community. Confucianism is the last of three relevant religions which were introduced into medieval Vietnam. Confucius preached that filial piety and ancestor warship were critical to attaining enlightenment.Religious Influences on Vietnam essays look papers RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES ON VIETNAMI understand there to be copious amounts of influential events which triggered trends in Vietnamese culture. The Chinese influence in Vietnam may have likely led to its communist political system. Vietnamese nationalism may have contribute d to the difficulties the French faced during its colonization of Vietnam. However, I believe that the most relevant contribution to contemporary Vietnamese culture is the religious diversity and how it contributes to Vietnams closed-door economic and political philosophies. Buddhism is the primary religion in Vietnam. Buddhists believe that the way to become enlightened is to understand the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism and to follow the Eight-Fold Path. Basically, I understand Buddhism to be a very internal religion based on the spirituality of the self. Various forms of meditation and intense study coupled with the eradication of desire lead to a very defined lifestyle with little or no need for external human interaction. Once a Buddhist has achieved what is considered to be the proper behavior and proper knowledge called for by the Eight Fold Path, and after a Buddhist has spent many years manipulating his or her dharma, Buddhists tend to leave behind all belongings and travel forth into the wilderness trying to achieve nirvana. This religious practice, in my opinion, has had a significant impact on the Vietnamese culture and the way they interact with outsiders. The fact that the Vietnamese are not exceedingly eager to be invaded by foreign corporations and capitalism makes sense capitalism is not a prerequisite to Buddhism. Taoism was also introduced to medieval Vietnam and is still noticeably practiced there today. Taoists believe that the way to achieve enlightenment is through chaos. Doing nothing and letting nature take its course without human interference are the methods by which Taoists feel most spiritual. Although I do not feel that there is a strong aroma of Taoism in contemporary Vietnam, I nonetheless deduce that it had a significant impact on Vietnamese trends. Compared to Buddhism and certainly Confucianism, which is discussed below, Taoism was an extremely outlandish concept to the Vietnamese when it was first introduced. The fact that sl oth and confusion were being rejoiced in a time of awareness and filial piety must have caused a certain sense of segregation in the Vietnamese community. Confucianism is the last of three relevant religions which were introduced into medieval Vietnam. Confucius preached that filial piety and ancestor warship were critical to attaining enlightenment.

Three Little Pigs :: essays research papers

The Three Little PigsOnce upon a time, there were three scant(p) pigs that were kicked let on of their birth home by their parents and told to embody life on there own. These three little pigs were ready to build their own homes and get secure jobs. The first little pig was lazy, overweight and did non like to bestow at all. He wanted to take the easy path, and built a rear out of straw which could barely support its own weight. After he was finished building his insecure house of straw, he unyielding to visit his brothers. He danced down the dirt path, to see how they were progressing with their homes.The guerilla little pig was building himself a house also, but he too, like his brother, was a lazy little pig that did not like to work much. He also decided to take the easy path of life, and make his home simply out of sticks. In no time at all, he finished building the cheap house. However, it too was insecure. After the work was completed, the second little pig was free t o do what he liked to best. He decided to dance and play his fiddle. As he played his fiddle, his brother, the first little pig arrived tooting on his stainless steel flute. They both danced while the second little pig sang I built my house out of sticks, I built my house out of twigs. With a hey diddle-diddleI play on my fiddle,And dance all kinds of jigs.Then, the two brothers made their way down the treacherous till they came upon the third brother. The third brother, the hard working egotistical type, chose to build his house out of Acme brick. He knew the big bad wolf was waiting until they got out on their own, before he tried one of his indecorous attempts at contagious a feast. Rapidly he worked, slap, slosh, slap, laying red bricks, and smoothing fresh made mortar in between each layer of bricks. Ha ha ha laughed his two brothers as he steadily worked. Come down and play with us the two little pigs yelled, but the busy little pig unbroken on working even harder than he wa s before they came. Then he yelled down to them I built my house of stones. I built my house of bricks. I have no chanceTo sing and dance, For work and play dont mix.

Exterior of the Crystal Palace Essay -- Architecture

Crystal Palace, ExteriorThe Crystal Palace was dismantled and rebuilt in Sydenham later the closing of the Fair and stood there until 1936 when it was destroyed by fire. Although it is no longer standing today, this structure is documented in photographs such as this one, through which it git continue to influence the worlds of architecture and engineering.The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the first event of its kind, bringing together people from all over the earth in an milieu of peace and intellectual stimulation. Conceived as an Exhibition of the Works of all Nations, the Great Exhibition was the brainchild of Prince Albert and Henry Cole of England. Queen Victorias husband, his mind always change form towards the artistic, was easily convinced by Cole to take on this event of massive proportions (Beaver, 11). As President of the Society of Arts, the Prince had played a vauntingly role in the exhibitions of 1847, 1848, and 1849. When a Royal Commission was formed in 1850, he was again chosen as President. Consequently, when Cole proposed a larger British Exhibition for the year 1851, he looked to the Prince for approval (Beaver, 11).The idea of a National Exhibition did not originate with the British, but with the French, who had organized the first exhibition of subject field products as early as 1798 and had held an exposition every five years since the beginning of the century. The fair in 1849 was particularly well organized and Cole in haste took leave to Paris to observe this event. He found that the initial plans for the 1851 Exposition in capital of the United Kingdom were far too nave, and if the British wanted to chastise the French, they must set their sights higher. The original site for the Great Exposition was to be the courtyard of... ...in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851. London Victoria and Albert Museum. 1972.Hitchcock, Henry Russell. The Crystal Palace the structure, its antecedents and its immediate progeny and exhibition. Northampton, Mass. Smith College Museum of Art, 1952.Hobhouse, Christopher. 1851 and the Crystal Palace being an account of the Great Exhibition and its contents of Sir Joseph Paxton and the erection, the resultant history and the destruction of his masterpiece. London, Murray, 1950.Hyman, Isabelle Trachtenberg, Marvin. Architecture. New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc. 1986.Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography from 1839 to the present. New York Museum of Modern Art. 1982.Smithsonian. India Trough the Lens Photography 1840-1911. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. February 2001.

Pindar :: essays research papers fc

Classical MythologyPINDAR A PERFECT POETPindar was born at Cynoscephalae, near Thebes, the member of a noble family. He lived from about 518 B.C. to near 438 B.C. Pindar is considered by many to be the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece. He began writing at a real young age and soon his poesy was popular throughout Greece.He traveled widely but spent much of his time in capital of Greece and in Sicily at the home of Hieron. This may account for his organism enamored with the Olympic games, which he a good deal wrote about. Hiero bred horses and offered his steeds to the athletes to enter in the chariot races. Pindars poems much paid tribute to the winner of versatile events but with out a doubt the chariot races were given his highest praise. Greek society savored these odes for their rich poetic wording and imagery, moral ideas, and vivid portrayals of sacred myths.The poems were not so much an account of the sporting events but what transpired afterward. The storyline o r narrative myth was always affiliated to the winner and ensuing celebration. Each poem meant to be sung with dancing or even a procession for the victor, usually upon the athletes emergence to his home city. Being a deeply religious man with high moral standards, Pindars main characters normally displayed the same attributes. Pindar was also famous for being the first Greek writer to blab of the immortality of the soul and judgement by the gods after death.Pindar is given credit for inventing the Pindaric ode. An ode built of three stanzas - strophe, antistrophe, and epode repeated in series. These awful intricate poems set the standard. They are often referred to as perfect in form and beautiful in language. Of all his poems 45 odes have survived. These make up one of the greatest collections of odes by a Greek author during this time. The forty-five victory odes represent and celebrate triumphs at the four great Panhellenic festivals. The Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and isthmia n games. Three of the Olympian Odes celebrated the victories of Pindars close friend and confidant Hieron. The Nemean and Isthmian Odes concentrate more on wealthy clients and tyrants of the time who perhaps sponsored the athletes. The Pythian Odes were written for the Aeginians the last of which was dedicated to an Aeginian wrestler, Aristomenes. What makes this poem so noteworthy is the fact it ended with a note of sadness.Pindar essays research papers fcClassical MythologyPINDAR A PERFECT POETPindar was born at Cynoscephalae, near Thebes, the member of a noble family. He lived from about 518 B.C. to approximately 438 B.C. Pindar is considered by many to be the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece. He began writing at a very young age and soon his poetry was popular throughout Greece.He traveled widely but spent much of his time in Athens and in Sicily at the home of Hieron. This may account for his being enamored with the Olympic games, which he often wrote about. Hiero bre d horses and offered his steeds to the athletes to enter in the chariot races. Pindars poems often paid tribute to the winner of various events but with out a doubt the chariot races were given his highest praise. Greek society savored these odes for their rich poetic language and imagery, moral ideas, and vivid portrayals of sacred myths.The poems were not so much an account of the sporting events but what transpired afterward. The storyline or narrative myth was always connected to the winner and ensuing celebration. Each poem meant to be sung with dancing or even a procession for the victor, usually upon the athletes return to his home city. Being a deeply religious man with high moral standards, Pindars main characters normally displayed the same attributes. Pindar was also famous for being the first Greek writer to speak of the immortality of the soul and judgement by the gods after death.Pindar is given credit for inventing the Pindaric ode. An ode built of three stanzas - str ophe, antistrophe, and epode repeated in series. These stately intricate poems set the standard. They are often referred to as perfect in form and beautiful in language. Of all his poems 45 odes have survived. These make up one of the greatest collections of odes by a Greek author during this time. The forty-five victory odes represent and celebrate triumphs at the four great Panhellenic festivals. The Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian games. Three of the Olympian Odes celebrated the victories of Pindars close friend and confidant Hieron. The Nemean and Isthmian Odes concentrate more on wealthy clients and tyrants of the time who perhaps sponsored the athletes. The Pythian Odes were written for the Aeginians the last of which was dedicated to an Aeginian wrestler, Aristomenes. What makes this poem so noteworthy is the fact it ended with a note of sadness.

The Use of Appetite Suppressants Essays -- Health Diet Weight Loss Ess

The Use of Appetite Suppressants In the past two decades, Americans and nearly of the Western world have become obsessed with losing weight. Countless diets, weight loss strategies and gimmicks have been and remain on the market and cost Americans billions of dollars every year. The media perpetuates this sample of thinness and so people continue in desperate attempts to shrink their bodies. People have gone to extreme measures such as stomach stapling, liposuction and starving diets to try and take off excess weight. Many Americans are willing to do whatever is necessary to look a certain way, no calculate what the cost. Sometimes these costs outweigh the benefits of losing weight. Oftentimes, when people diet and lose weight, they end up going off the diet and gaining the weight back. This leads to a perpetual round of drinks of yo -yo dieting. Nevertheless, the quest for losing weight remains a priority in many peoples lives. One of the options that many people have taken in attempt to lose weight is the watchion of various appetite suppressants. The logic behind this is that if one takes an appetite suppressant, they wont feel hungry. Without hunger, the person will ingest less food and by ingesting less food, the person will lose weight. The concept is actually quite simple and has been around for many years. Hunger is the physiologic need of an animal for food (Lasagna, p.132). Appetite, on the other hand, is the psychological motivation for food dream- which is independent of the individuals nutritional state (Lasagna, p.132). An appetite suppressant attempts to lessen a persons psychological motivation for food, even though there might be a need for food intake for nutritional reasons. Phenylpropanolamine, ... ...rs. New York, N.Y. Morgan, J.P. (1986). Phenylpropanolamine A critical Analysis of Reported Adverse Reactions and Overdosage. Jack. K. Burgess, Inc. Fort Lee, N.J. Fillmore, C. M. et al. (1999). Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 10, (3), 673-703. Silverstone, T. (1986). Clinical Use of Appetite Suppressants, medicate and Alcohol Dependence, 17, (2-3), 151-167. Wellman, P.J. (1990). A Review of the physiological bases of the anorexic action of phenylpropanolamine, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 14 (3), 339-355. Greenway, F.L. (1992). Clinical Studies with phenylpropanolamine a metaanalysis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 203-205. Alger, S. et al. (1993). Effect of Phenylpropanolamine on cipher expenditure and weight loss in overweight women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 120-126.

The Use of Appetite Suppressants Essays -- Health Diet Weight Loss Ess

The Use of Appetite Suppressants In the past two decades, Americans and most of the Western adult male have become obsessed with losing slant. Countless diets, saddle loss strategies and gimmicks have been and remain on the market and cost Americans billions of dollars every year. The media perpetuates this ideal of thinness and so people continue in desperate attempts to shrink their bodies. People have gone to extreme measures such as stomach stapling, liposuction and starvation diets to try and fritter off excess weight. Many Americans are willing to do whatever is necessary to look a certain way, no matter what the cost. Sometimes these cost outweigh the benefits of losing weight. Oftentimes, when people diet and fall behind weight, they end up going off the diet and gaining the weight back. This leads to a perpetual cycle of yo -yo dieting. Nevertheless, the quest for losing weight remains a priority in many peoples lives. One of the options that many people have taken in attempt to lose weight is the ingestion of various appetite suppressants. The logic behind this is that if one takes an appetite suppressant, they wont feel hungry. Without hunger, the person will ingest less regimen and by ingesting less food, the person will lose weight. The concept is actually quite simple and has been around for many years. Hunger is the physiological need of an living organism for food (Lasagna, p.132). Appetite, on the other hand, is the psychological motivation for food intake- which is independent of the individuals nutritional state (Lasagna, p.132). An appetite suppressant attempts to lessen a persons psychological motivation for food, even though there might be a need for food intake for nutritional reasons. Phenylpropanolamine, ... ...rs. newborn York, N.Y. Morgan, J.P. (1986). Phenylpropanolamine A critical Analysis of Reported Adverse Reactions and Overdosage. Jack. K. Burgess, Inc. Fort Lee, N.J. Fillmore, C. M. et al. (1999). Nutrition and Di etary Supplements, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 10, (3), 673-703. Silverstone, T. (1986). Clinical Use of Appetite Suppressants, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 17, (2-3), 151-167. Wellman, P.J. (1990). A Review of the physiological bases of the anorexic action of phenylpropanolamine, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 14 (3), 339-355. Greenway, F.L. (1992). Clinical Studies with phenylpropanolamine a metaanalysis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55, 203-205. Alger, S. et al. (1993). Effect of Phenylpropanolamine on energy expenditure and weight loss in overweight women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 120-126.

Human Evolution Essay

on that point is a theory that humans descended from an previous, lower form of life. There is an assortment of evidence that shows that all living cr feed inures on Earth descended from a common ancestry. Evolution doesnt discriminate against humans. It is believed that we too argon a product of an earlier predecessor. The likeities in all life are evident if you consider that e truly form of life builds from the same building blocks20 essential amino acids, quadruple nitrogen bases, and simple sugars. Each of Earths past and testify forms of life are, or were composed of a combination of those building blocks called RNA or DNA. In the very beginning of life on Earth, the inherited structure was very simple, moreover as time has g integrity by, the best combinations in the genetical sequence were individuals that reproduced. everywhere the approximated 3.5 billion historic period that life has been in existence on Earth, thither be possessed of been many mutations in the g enetic codes of diverse forms of life. Only very fewer of the genetic mutations are indeed beneficial to the function of the species. Negative mutations give the life form a blemish for survival, thus reducing its chances for reproduction, but a positive mutation gives the species an advantage to survive and produce offspring. The offspring have a copy of the positive mutation now in their genetics to lastly pass down to their young and so on. Now you fecal matter manipulate how the positive mutations have a way of piling up into different piles, which is why our result is a widely diverse life, which exists on Earth today. This theory of how ontogenesis came to be is known as natural selection. It states that a weaker individual has a lesser chance for survival and reproduction than that of a stronger. Its natures way of weeding kayoed the bad and seeding the good.In the study of evolution, evolutionary scientists try to find the ancestry and genetic relations between organi sms. They try to map aside the runway of the ancestry between organisms over the existence of the Earths history. Another essential part of the study of evolution is actually making educated predictions of the history of a species. The history of a species includes the geographical distributions and the species population over time.All of the information that follows is valid in that it has genetic and fogeyized evidence to prove its merit. Some of the most(prenominal) important aspectsthat make a human different from its ancestors are the development of communication, brain function, and the ability to fling upright, which frees up the hands to embark on other tasks. Language is considered by many to be the most unique of all the human attributes.As queer as it may sound, genetically we are the most similar to that of primates as any other known living creature on Earth. The primate family includes chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas and even humans. Other than genetic similar ities, we can show other likenesses in the tissue physiology and also by comparing brains circuits in a brain analysis. worldly concern are a base example of natural selection. The domination of the world by the superior present day human is what ended all similar species. The species that we dominated were our greatest competition for food, intelligence, and essentially our very existence on this planet. When we beat our predecessor, we did it in a fight for our lives, not so much as an act of violence. In many cases, Humans may have killed our ancestors in a misunderstanding, not knowing why a similar being was so much more than savage and violent. We may have protected our families by attacking these beastlike creatures.The first things that we need to know are, Who were our first ancestors? Why did they evolve? What did they realize like? And how did they live? Without this information, we will not know what we have arisen from.The most likely place to look for our fossilized lineage is in the environment of our close-hauled living relativesAfrica. This is the reason that most of our archeological digs have been occurring on this continent. Of the fossils found, the skulls have been the most important because by knowing the structure of the skull, we can see how distant their relations are to us. Since one of the most significant changes is brain coat and function, the brain and brain cavities provide a lot of evidence for evolutionary change. We know more or less brain function from fossils because fewtimes, even the brain is preserved inside the fossilized skulls.Our most distant known lineage into the human path is very much similar to that of a chimpanzee. This creature was known as Australopithecus afarensis and can be dated back to 3.2 million years ago. A. afarensis was appease very similar to a chimp. The brain surface was no considerabler than ours. The finger bones were still curved, showing that it was still quite comfortable in the tr ees. Even though it was slightly similar, it was still very different. A. afarensis had pocket-sizeer canines than a chimpanzees. The face structure was more vertical with less snout. The spinal column was more upright than that of a chimp. The hip bones also showed something unusualthis animal walked upright. This was the first step in our direction from that of our most distant living relative.The far-famed Lucy fossil was the remains of an A. afarensis. This fossil showed that the A. afarensis, although different than chimps, still had a small rib cage and a large gut that was fit for digesting the large get of vegetation that made up their diet. From the large gut, we can speculate that the diet of A. afarensis consisted of still mainly vegetation, and not yet much protein.While the Australopithecus afarensis existed, there was a great mood change in Africa. The once tropical African continent warmed and the main portion of the continent closest to the equator moody to dry g rassland. The food that A. afarensis was accustomed to eating, had disappeared. Many of the chimps, like other animals, migrated south to the bottom tip of Africa. There in the forest, this upright primate had a disadvantage to the chimps, so it quickly died off in the forests. The Australopithecus that stayed had to adapt to survive. There was very limited food that these creatures could digest they could not process the fibrous grasses that cover the plains. The Australopithecus split into deuce different forms of the speciesa robust more animal-like version and a graceful more human-like model. The robust version adapted to eat the roots of plants. The tough root and difficult dig to retrieve the meal resulted in a large-jawed, thick-skulled, digging creature.The smaller, more graceful was the one humans are in closest relation to. We find it evident in the size and shape of the brain found in fossils. These are the first of our ancestors that apply treasure tools. Thesestone tools were the adaptation that fueled their kind. The stone tools at the time and great intelligence were what allowed them to obtain food. When scavenging for food, they would take a completely cleaned animal carcass and utilize their simple stone sledges, smash open bones and eat the protein bountiful marrow from within. They would also use their hammers to crack open the skull to obtain the brain, which was also rich in protein. The advantage here is that they had no competition for their newly found food because no other creature could access these meat reserves.The protein they were ingesting was food that was risque in energy and much easier to digest than plant material. After generations went by, the large digestive track was slowly piddlingened because it was no longer needed. As the size of the animal lessened, the ratio between weight and energy rose. This gave room for the brain of these graced Australopithecus to adapt to the environment, and since intelligence is w hat kept this branch alive, their intellect developed more. The individuals who where the most intelligent made the best tools, and thus had a better chance for survival and reproduction. Tools, meat, and larger brains were the reasons that this species strived, but if you take out any of these vital parts, the others couldnt develop. serviceman erectus is the next known ancestor down the branch to humanity. He dates back to 1.8 million years. H. erectus looked much like human, but still had a mind no more complex than a chimps. The brain of H. erectus was still 30% smaller than our own.Homo heidelbergensis shows much more human-like characteristics than its predecessor, Homo erectus. The first evidence of H. heidelbergensis in atomic number 63 dates back to .5 million years ago. There have been 5 tons of remains found in mess patterns in a small area. The circle patterns are evidence that they were living in round, maybe hut-like enclosures. When you consider the small area in whi ch they were found, you can see that possibly they lived in a small community. Now living in Europe, having shelter was essential because Europe was a great deal cooler than their arid grasslands in Africa. Shelter is probably what allowed them to supposition out of Africa for the first time, because without that support, they would surely freeze in the cold season.In a cave in Italy, scientists have found the skeletalremains of one of these male creatures and the skeleton was preserved quite well. Deep in this cave, it has been partially covered by crystals that the cave has formed. By measuring the size of these bones, we know the size of this creatures male gender. This Creature used stone tools, but they used better stone like flint. Their tools were much sharper and lighter. They have found that they chipped hand axes out of flint that are much more complex than that of the previous. They also showed that they had many of the flint remains in one area, signifying that they use d mass production to obtain their tools.They used theses sharp tools to butcher animals, meaning they had made the kill and no longer were only scavenging meat. At this time in history, animals, such as rhinoceros, elephants, lions and the for the most part extinct cave bear existed in Europe. H. heidelbergensis had a brain size very close to the size of a present day human. They used different tools when disassembling these large animals. They used large rocks for smashing bones, which enabled them to retrieve marrow from their thick bones. They harvested some of the bones from these creatures for tools in various activities. Their sharp flint tools were used to call back the meat from the bone. They also used antlers to dig and punch an initial hole in the carcass before butchering it.There is evidence that .5 million years ago when we know they had inhabited Europe, they not only were living there, but were also flourishing. This shows that they may have been there for many yea rs prior. It isnt fully tacit about why they migrated out of Africa and into Europe.In the new cooler climate, their edible vegetation was scarce therefore there were less food options. The only two options were to scavenge or adapt. Our ancestors, like before, rose to the occasion and adapted to become hunters. They became hunters to eliminate scavenging against the ravage carnivores of their day. In Europe H. heidelbergensis was more advanced than the H. heidelbergensis of other areas. The advancements in the H. heidelbergensis of this area are evident in their tools.It is believed that the Europeans used language. This is proven by their methods of passing down knowledge. This much larger axe head was too largefor actual function. It was probably used as a model to show the detail of the axe head. Their scale model was proof that they must be instruction the art of tool making and in the process, using complex communication. This language was likely to be very simple to the lang uage we know today, but it allowed them mull over on the past and to teach more efficiently.Even though their tools couldnt take down some of the larger prey, their intelligence proved itself again. They used swamps as traps, and would convey a large animal into a corner, where it would then have to retreat into the swamps. Once they entered, they couldnt escape the quicksand-like substrate. There is also evidence of the use wooden tools. Archeologists have found abruptly preserved wooden spears in the prehistoric swamps. When they examined the spears, they found that the tip was on the toughest part of the woodthe base. These spears were also found to be perfectly balanced, so they could be used as javelins. This was another step into humanity. They now had more food for themselves, their mate and their offspring.Neanderthals had a very robust build they were short and very strong unlike anyone today. It is known from fossil records that Neanderthals disappeared at almost the ex act time that that humans arrived. It has been widely believed for years that Neanderthals were our predecessors, but today we can tell that Neanderthals were a completely different, but almost parallel evolutionary relative. This is known by genetics. The last known Neanderthal fossil dates back to 28 thousand years ago. Before the humans invaded the land, the territory belonged to the Neanderthals. Their brains had completely different evolutionary paths than us they may have appeared very similar to us, but were, in actuality, quite different.The brain of the Neanderthal evolved differently and not as drastically as that of the human brain. The evolution of the Neanderthals mind hit a plateau, and it is seen in the fossil records that the tools of the Neanderthals remained unchanged for a quarter million years before their extinction. Other than human competition, the main reason for the disappearance of the Neanderthals was a change in climate and landscape. They couldnt surviv e in an area with a disappearing habitat. They were so dependent on what they were accustomed to, that the transition couldnt be made and the result was an eventualextinction of their species. In the rapidly cooling European areas, humans used their intelligence to adapt, but Neanderthals were isolated to pockets of still wooded areas. One by one, the Neanderthals died off.Homo sapiens date back to over 100,000 years ago, as the skull fossils found in Africa show. These humans were still quite primitive, but the bone structure was that of a present day human.Now that Neanderthals had disappeared, this meant less competition for our human ancestors. This is a perfect example of Charles Darwins theory of survival of the fittest. They couldnt adapt and died, and could no longer pass on their genes. We survived and we continue to procreate.Using decorative beads is one of the first examples of art in our species. One of the beads found was made of shell. The strange thing about this she ll bead was that it was found hundreds of miles away from where it first lied. This is evidence that humans may have been trading with neighboring tribes. Another possibility is that they traveled the outperform to retrieve the shell, but this proves that they were traveling into a much cooler climate. If they were able to survive in this cooler area, then they must have also been article of clothing warm clothing and building sturdy shelters.We have found decorative beads with the remains of Neanderthal bones. Not many of the recorded Neanderthals, in fact, used beads. Some consider that to show they used art also, but others believe it was simply them mimicking what they had seen their human counter parts doing. The Neanderthals beads were much more primitive, but that may be partially due to them being unable to grasp the function of the decoration as a form of self expression. This is a prime example of the similarities and differences in the minds of the two creatures.There i s a theory that the last few Neanderthals had to interact with humans. In this theory, there is a possibility that some Neanderthals spread over in hybridization between the two. If this were the case, then most of us would have traces of Neanderthal genes hidden in our genetic sequences.Humans used beads as barter and it aided in the process of large alliances and community. In their trades, they thought it was necessary for them to be civilized, which would also help shape, what we have become today.After they had migrated out of Africa, it was first believed that humans quickly inhabited Europe. Now, contrary to that belief, there is evidence that we slowly moved into Europe and had inhabited the new continent for quite some time.Humans were the most dominate of the two, taking over the food and habitat of the last living Neanderthals. Humans are the present day victors. We have shown our capabilities and transcendence and only time will tell where we evolve from here.Anthony M AikinWork CitedDoolittle, Russell. Evolution. McGraw-Hill (2000) 4.Futuyma, Douglas. Organic evolution. McGraw-Hill (2004) 11.Rightmire, G. Philip. Human evolution in Eurasia. McGraw-Hill (2004) 4.Wilson, Edward. From So Simple A Beginning. New York metropolis W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 2006.Dawn of man Vol. 1. Dir. John Lynch. Videocassette. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2000.Dawn of man Vol. 2. Dir. John Lynch. Videocassette. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2000.Dawn of man Vol. 3. Dir. John Lynch. Videocassette. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2000.

Provided for Me and My Family Essay

Unions have proven to be quite an essential addition to the labor force as it cooperates champion for the members rights. It simply creates a better working chemistry in the midst of the employees and the employers both of which equally important to each other. A better mutual relationship between the employees and the employers would provide a better work output for the company. Hence, the existence of the Union is quite vital in maintaining this relationship. There have already been any(prenominal) rights breaches in the past.However, there has not been any major conflict between the two so far. The local 743 is a union wherein my dad is a member of. As far as I can recall, they have continued to provide security for me and my family which has been always good for us. The benefits that we have garnered from my dads membership to local anaesthetic 743 have been always great. The Local 743 has existed for the sole purpose of providing and supporting for the rights of its member s in the working force, as well as their families.Its main objective as a union, as any union would have, is to uphold the rights of its members. If the union finds some liaison that breaches the labor rights of the workforce, then it formulates strategies to improve the treatment of employers towards their employees. This would create the close to desirable atmosphere for the two classes to coexist minus the conflict. My family has received a lot of benefits from Local 743 as it assured my father a sense of security financially and in other forms that could help benefit us, especially my father.My fathers membership to Local 743 has been quite a blessing for us as a family since it supported us for what we really needed. Of course, it is not just us that the union gazes upon but for the other members and their families as well it does not provide special attention to selfish needs. Only the most essential needs of the members and their families are attended by the union like educa tion for children, financial security for troubled households, and upholding the rights of the labor force. Last year, I was awarded the Local 743 Presidents Scholarship which helped pay for my schooling.My family and I were very grateful for such an honor that was provided by Local 743 because it took off the financial woes of my parents with regard to my education. It definitely cut the some of the education costs that my parents have provided for my siblings. Cutting such costs can help my parents provide me and my siblings a better life and hopefully, a better future. I am very grateful for being given the scholarship. In showing my gratefulness to what was given to me, I strived to work harder and promised my parents that I will do my trounce in my school.I know that it was not my own money that provided for my education. So it is just most courteous to show the Local 743 that I truly comprehended what they have given me to help my parents with my education, by showing them a great result in my schooling. Again, I am very delighted and grateful. As a member, my father was ensured better think over security by the union Local 743. It helped him and his co-workers uphold their rights, making sure that there is no maltreatment done to them musical composition in the workplace or outside of work.It is the Local 743s objective, after all which my family and I are grateful for. The benefits that we have garnered throughout my fathers membership have been great so far, which we truly appreciate and feel truly blessed with. With the presence of Local 743, my father felt secured in his job and in providing me and my family what he feels which we need the most. My father is grateful for being accepted as a member of Local 743 and for the benefits we have garnered from them. I believe that every(prenominal) member and their families would also say the same thing about Local 743.The rights of the employees are most important for labor unions like Local 743. They would help employees rouse for their rights and correct the wrong that has been done to them by employers, or at least what they felt was wrong. They advocate for the workers rights which they think are being breached by their employers. The great thing about having labor unions is the fact that they can help equalize the imbalance that is occurring inside the company. Most victims of oppression in the workplace are the ones belonging to the working-class group.The presence of the unions makes certain that balance is kept and that employee oppression is minimized. My fathers membership to Local 743 has been nothing less than beneficial for me and my family. Being able to mystify the benefits that were given to me (the scholarship) and my family (financial security), I could say that Local 743 has provided so much for upholding the rights of its members and for aiding their families with what they truly needed most. I would like to thank Local 743 for their continuous support for their numerous members in the workforce, as well as their families.

Failure and futility Themes in “1984” and “Never Let Me Go” Essay

Comparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in merciful relationships as a theme in their dystopian novelsAs humans, we judge ourselves by how early(a)s perceive us and seek to conform to a univers anyy authoritative code of ethics and laws. It is this inherent value that we possess, a conscience that make us antithetic from animals and it is excessively what is missing to a large extent in Orwells 1984 and Ishiguros Never Let Me Go. The futility of relationships in these works is detonate of what makes the worlds in which they be based seem so bereft of try for and consequently, dystopia in nature. In Orwells vision of humanitys future(a), the only truly acceptable thing to complete is Big Brother. The Party restricts all other warmth so as to break down the ties between family, friends and lovers whilst transferring this loyalty to the Party itself as a form of control. The Party is said to have, cut the golf connect betwee n child and p atomic number 18nt, and between man and man, and between man and women. This does not just show the partitioning of relationships, unless the lessening of the self. The Party is removing the essential links that allow humanity to be more than a collective of individuals and instead uses this to its own ends, although what these are, beyond a desire for control, we never truly discover.It is partly this wishing of knowledge of the Partys overall goals that makes the situation seem so desperate, it is as though love is organism removed without explanation or justification, do the whole process seem devoid of anticipate as there is no specific element against which to rebel. A similar lack of knowledge also plagues the children of Hailsham in Never Let Me Go. Their future is not clearly explained instead it is an undercurrent to their education that leaves them prepared for, but not truly apprised of, their fate. As Miss Lucy says, the students have been, told and not told. The situation is much the same for the reader, we learn with the children about their function. Thus we can empathise with the characters the reader feels a part of the story. Setting it in the 1990s also adds to this sense as it is easy to associate with our own lives.It is for this reason that cloning is a key feature of dystopic fictionalisation from the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries as it does not seem a distant concept but a real possibility. some(prenominal) may see keeping the children in the dark over their fate as a kindness, however in many an(prenominal) ways it seems a raise cruelty that they are allowed to desire when this will avail them nothing. Miss Lucy goes on to tellthe children that they had been, created, that they were, brought into this world for a purpose with futures, decided. This is an indication of what is to come for the students, gaining more inwardness the further the reader progresses through the novel, it is in refl ecting upon events that the true horror is revealed. It is also a symbol of their relationships with the outside world. They cannot become part of a society we would recognise, for this is not their purpose and so they are kept apart from it. The world of the children seems lonely and isolated for this reason, especially so as it is told to them, and us, as fact by soulfulness in a position of authority.This version of their future seems inevitable and so any hope Ishiguro builds in the minds of the reader in the rest of the novel seems nearly foolish, as we have been told that Kathy and her companions have only one path to follow. Orwell uses similar devices in 1984. We are told in the first chapter after Winston writes in his diary that The sight Police would get him and yet through the novel, largely thanks to his relationship with Julia, we come to feel that there may be a chance for him. as yet, as in Never Let Me Go, this is crushed. Both Orwell and Ishiguro give their cha racters and their audiences hope and despite all else that is wrong in their worlds, they have an intrinsic human emotion to hold on to, but when two stories conclude, this feeling is shown to have been futile and misleading. The traditional structure of society in Never Let Me Go is altered, as there is clearly a subsection of humanity that the donors inhabit which is not apparent in our own lives. However, Ishiguros world is not so different from our own, Hailsham seems like it could easily be a twentieth century boarding school with the result that the events have a more profound effect on the reader.Orwell uses a slightly different technique as the structure of human life is reduced in 1984 rather than altered. It is carried out up to the point where, No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend. Instead they turn to the only thing in their life that seems concrete, Big Brother. The Spies are the ultimate example of this because the Party has managed to sever the paternal bond, which should be stronger than almost anything else. The extent to which this is achieved is shown by Parson declaring he is, regal of his daughter for denouncing him as it proves that he, brought her up in the right spirit. It is as though the greatest achievement for a parent has become to create a pecker for theparty. Winston sums this up by saying, The terrible thing the Party has done was to persuade you that mere impulses, mere feelings, were of no account, while at the same time robbing you of all power over the material world. To protect and nurture your offspring is a natural instinct, but the Party has removed this and in doing so has reduced humanity.It is this that makes the breakdown in the family so crucial to Orwells dystopic literature, if the feelings had been punished there is hope for salvation but by removing them, there is no hope for a future where the family is once again a pivotal element within a persons life. When Orwell was writing there was a stron g feeling of despondency amongst modernist authors and artists relating to the fracturing of society and the reduction of traditions role in peoples lives. This is clearly shown in 1984 through characters such as Parson. Orwells reduction of traditional structures is shocking but also hard to relate to, as it seems so extreme. It can be said that Ishiguros alteration may not have the same immediate impact, however this slight apathy is caused by the situation baffleed being all too possible.On reflection this serves to makes it more lamentable many groups in society are marginalised and so it is not difficult to imagine a situation where there are clones amongst us yet not with us who are treated as an inferior race. Ishiguro endorses this through the use of the word, consummation when the donors die. This is much like a euphemism for death, something else that is treated as taboo, but completion has far more sinister connotations. It suggests the donors have fulfilled their pu rpose, particularly as the word completion is usually associated with a positive outcome. This can be interpreted as Ishiguro, as a post-modern author, suggesting that a society relying on such a complex structure, is capable of dehumanising and exploiting the death of fellow humans.This is unlike Orwell in 1984 who bemoans the fracturing of traditional structures, however both show how the breakdown in relationships and marginalisation of certain groups can remove some essence of humanity and it is through this that the authors present their works as dystopic. Winston identifies this loss when he says The Proles are human beings We are not human because in comparison to Party members, They were not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another. Winston himself recognises what it is to be human and sees how he is in some way lacking. He goes on to tellJulia that they will inevitably be captured and this will leave them both, utterly alone and, utterly with out power of any kind. The implication here is that the participation they share is what gives them power but that the Party can overcome this. Despite acknowledging what is necessary to be human and finding his own source of strength, Winston still sees himself as ultimately powerless. Rather than this moment being an epiphany, as you would expect from a traditional hero, Winston is filled with hopelessness and in turn shows his love for Julia as being ultimately futile as it cannot lead to any salvation at all.Julias cool acceptance of this only makes it seem more inevitable as she states, Everybody always confesses. You cant help it. They torture you. The short sentences make each statement a fact rather than a possible future. However we are also given a small glimmer of hope when Winston says to Julia that the, real betrayal would be if they could, make me stop loving you and Julia responds that, They cant do that. This gives the reader hope that maybe they can best the Party. They may forfeit their lives in doing so but by staying loyal they could prove that love is more powerful than the control of the Party. However this is crushed at the end when they both betray each other. Having demonstrated how important interpersonal relationships are to the nature of humanity, Orwell then shows how easily such relationships can be demolished. This perhaps more than any other feature of 1984 makes it dystopic literature as, what is an inherent belief in many that love can overcome any challenge, is destroyed and with it the image of humanity.In Never Let Me Go we are led to believe that what Kathy and Tommy share could be their salvation as we believe that the system can be overcome by love. This is shaped by countless stories with which all are familiar where love bests evil. Both Orwell and Ishiguro play on our expectation that a resolution will be found in order to shock the reader to a great extent when it is shown that hope is lost. This happens in Never L et Me Go as the society presented places small value on these emotions. Miss Emily understands they have, hoped carefully that deferrals might exist, but has to explain to them it was only ever, A wishful rumour. It is this element that shows the dystopic nature of the novel as, up to this point we feel Kathy must achieve some kind of success to fulfil her role as principle character, but it doesnt happen.The use of the word, hoped, is also key as this is essentiallywhat the story is about, it reminds the audience that for Kathy and Tommy, their love represents hope of future happiness and leading lives with a meaning beyond being someone elses spare parts. Both 1984 and Never Let Me Go demonstrate how fundamental relationships are to human lives. They are what shape us, what allow us to interact with a greater society and what gives us hope.However in both novels relationships are broken down and shown to be futile, in neither do the protagonists find a way to escape their fate th rough love and nor do they get any real comfort from it as they are always fighting against systems that do not accredit a value to such emotions. It is when these relationships are finally proved to offer little to those involved that faith in a redeeming future is lost in and as such it is when the novels are shown to be dystopic. This is clearly a fundamental element of the authors dystopian literature as love tends to be what humankind clings to as the last vestige of hope in a dire situation and even this is removed from these works.

Realism and/ or modernism Essay

Marlow seems to alienate himself from urban society in favour of a wasteland. However, it can be said that this was a positive sacrifice. The Africans may puzzle seen the modern bureaucratic Europe as a sterile and materialistic wasteland. Here we see Conrad prompting the reader to reassess his or her own opinions and interpretations of Africa. Conrad has been authentic with writing a Harrowing Critique of Western Colonialism. This is not tho due to his explicit exposure of the atrocities of European colonialism but also his cunning drill of vocabulary. He refers to the merry dance of death and trade (p.31) as well as an inhabited devastation (p. 32) when illustrating the horrors of the colonisation of Africa by Europe. Heart of Darkness was pen at a time when Africa was entirely carved up and shargond out between a number of European countries. Conrad seems to be exposing the predatory constitution of these countries and their attitudes towards colonisation, and particularly focuses on the Belgian Congo. He does not however, entirely condemn colonisation. He does not suggest any alternative, nor does he suggest that African natives argon capable of running their own country.Marlow does not make any attempt to understand the African culture, nor does he consider them as equals. Africa is seen very much as an antithesis to Europe, and t herefore to elaboration. Even the title of the novelette Heart of Darkness presents Africa as an uncivilized and primitive land, and could be accused of dehumanizing and dispersonalising Africa. Marlow views what is happening to the African natives from a exceed and although he does respond to their treatment by the colonisers he does not react in any way. He claims he is on a heavenly agency to civilize(21).It therefore seems as though Conrad views the colonisation as a civilising robbery, but includes very little discussion of the social or economic do of the expansion of Europe. It is not only Conrads presentation of the African natives that is modernistic. Women are also viewed in very different ways throughout the novel. Kurtzs think is depicted as a typical Victorian woman. Marlow feels that he must look after her, and therefore protects her from the truth about Kurtz. Conrads description of African women creates a great contrast.Here Conrad creates an image of a much stronger character. However, although African women seem to be presented as much more powerful and capable, the entire novella is written through the eyes of a male, and the entire focus is on male experience. There is much evidence of Conrads exploration of the Eastern area in Heart of Darkness. It is however, his examination of the inner life that is most evident. The image of the black fellows rowing the boats is describe by Conrad as a brief contact with reality (p. 30) implying that all humans share a usual spiritual heritage.This presents Heart of Darkness as a cross-cultural almost mythologic journey, suggesting th at racial archetypes emerge only in dreams and myths. Modernists were also c at oncerned with reassessing the ordinary and the everyday, and often invited the reader to reconsider their text. In Heart of Darkness there are a number of adjectives used to describe the coast smiling, frowning, inviting, grand, mean, inspired or savage (p. 29). This is not a traditional presentation of a coastline, and the almost irrelevant list prompts the reader to reassess his or her own interpretation of the coast.The presentation of the edge of the colossal jungle as a ruled line (p. 29) is other modernistic feature of Conrads arrive at, as it was not previously common to view natural creations in such scientific or geometric ways. This once again causes the reader to re-evaluate the text as well as their own perception of the ordinary and everyday. A sense of vision and perspective was of great importee to modernist writers. Marlows vision of the various trading places passed on his journey is a thoroughly modernistic one.The place names are listed before being described as belonging to some sordid farce (p. 30). This is not only a slightly unusual presentation, once again prompting the reader to reassess the ordinary it also gives a great insight into Marlows, and indeed Conrads own vision and perception of the outside world. Modernist writers often presented the world as desolate, and Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception. Marlow describes his isolation within a mournful and senseless delusion (p. 30), and the coast is illustrated as formless bordered by tremendous surf (p. 31).Marlows journey is at one point described as a weary pilgrimage amongst hints for nightmares (p. 31). This all seems to help create the common modernist image of a desolate world. Although Conrad does not celebrate the state of the modern world, he, like so many modernist writers, was concerned with honoring the creativity of language. His presentation of hallucination is followed by a glo rious use of vocabulary lugubrious drollery. His description of the black fellows is also somewhat creative. He describes their faces as grotesque masks and illustrates the sheen (p.30) whites of their eyeballs seen from afar. The inhabited devastation is described as drowned in a blinding sunlight (p. 32). Both the words, blinding and drowning have negative connotations and are used here to create the desolate negative image of the modern world Conrad was keen to present. This recrudescence of glare (p. 32) created by Conrad is an incredibly creative use of language and vocabulary. Not only through the content of his text, but also through the use of his vocabulary and narrative, Conrad has created in Heart of Darkness an exemplary Modern Text.Its exposure of the precarious bases of civilisation and its sceptical inquiry into what sustains value and meaning to human life are typical modernist traits. The political and social subject matters of Heart of Darkness imperialism and col onialism, race and sexuality have proved increasingly controversial in the course of the twentieth century, and this is why the novella has received so much criticism and analysis.Bibliography. Ackroyd, Peter, 2000. The Times. Barry, Peter, 1995 (2002). Beginning Theory, Manchester Manchester University Press. Brooks, Peter. recitation for the Plot Design and Intention in Narrative. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1984 Conrad, Joseph, 1902 (1995). Heart of Darkness, London Penguin Classics Hampson, Robert, 2000. Heart of Darkness, The Congo Diary, London Penguin Classics. Student number 200404375 Year One Tutor Richard Capes module Introduction to Modern Literature 14107 Essay 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Fine Arts of Spain at the end of the Golden Age Essay

The Spanish lodge during the late 1600s seemed to be a confused high society as there were close to developments that were so dominating. First is the series of defeats in war against France that had attached Spain it first taste of what it path to be a conquered nation, countenance is the decline of Castile hegemony resulting to the weakening of the imperial state prompting Castilian aristocracy to take value of a weakened monarchy, and began to take affairs of the imperial states in their experience hands, and third, is the shift of gender emphasis which may have caused all this declines and defeats.Feminization spread all through out Spanish society. According to Sedney Donel (2003), the fear of close at hand(predicate) feminization of the general male populace in Imperial Spain is especially visible in certain pictorial images of the spiritual disintegration of Castilian hegemony (Donell 2003, p. 152). According to Donell, during most(prenominal) artist painting illustr ates the feeling of despair and fatalism that swept over Spain as its empire began to crumble (Donell, p. 152) What does it mean when verbalise that a System of Values was arising?I would say that the above statement refers to the gender problems that gripped Spain during the so-called golden age. The rise of cultural anxiety over gender brought about by feminization has created a new value system that is associated with the love of art had contributed to the decline of the Spanish nation. Donell noted that aristocracy had embraced feminization, and even most members of this group no longer had the means to build lavish palaces, but they consumed lavishly and became ostentatious patrons of the arts (Donell, p. 157), which resulted in the unfolding national tragedy.Donell aptly calls this a paradox between an economy in ruin and a cultural production that had entered a golden age (Donnel, p. 157). It means that the values that were in Spain during this time were about the love of a rts and young-bearing(prenominal) gender appreciation. Both Philip III and Philip were lovers of drama and did not spend much time on governing but on leisure and court fiestas. Characteristics that dope be seen in El Greco Paintings The characteristic of El Grecos paintings defect his deep devotion to Roman Catholicism and his wide knowledge of his religion.His painting too defect masculine character probably in response to the prevailing gender emphasis attracting men even in the aristocracy. Quoting Marcelin Defourneaux, Donell described the scenario, he stated The fashion of short hair had given place to the wearing of it long, or a wig the use perfumes and even make-up was common among of high distinction that you no longer know whether you are talking to men or to their sisters (Donell 2003, p. 156) Thus the characteristic of his paintings seemed reminds the role that men ought to be in the society. The Paintings of Diego VelasquezBased on his available paintings, Diego Ve lasquez interest in paintings was not focus on religion alone. Obviously he loves to paint monarchs depicting their everyday lives, and many of his paintings were of the princess and prince and king and queen of Spain. His relation to El Greco was that he was a disciple of El Greco about modern arts. Beyond this nothing more was said about their relations. The Paintings of Bartolome Esteban Murillo Most of Murillos paintings expressed the childish figures and expression of serenity, sweetness, innocence, faith, tranquility, and devotion.He would also love to present the cheerful aspect of spiritual life. His spectral compositions emphasized the main subject commonly surrounded by angels with vaporous background to accentuate the central theme. Murillos painting has some similarities with that of Velasquez and El Greco. Murillo and Velasquez both created paintings that depict everyday living having children as the central subject. Both had influence of Italian way of paintings. El Grecos painting could be considered similar with that of Murillo in such a way that they love painting religious images.The Habsburg Kings and their Rule in Spain The Habsburg refers to the royal family that ruled Europe for over six centuries. They were known for their contribution in the advancement of Roman Catholic Church. Their regime started in old Switzerland (Swabia) and extended its holdings to other parts of Europe. The Habsburg kings in Spain that began in 1516 contributed in the centralization of Spain and the advancement of Roman Catholicism in that county. During this period, Spain reached the bloom of its power to many nations such as Philippines and many American colonies.Castile and Separatism Castile or Castilla is a former kingdom in Spain, which derived its name from the large castles build in that place. It was beneath the rule of Moors from 8th century to 1035 until Ferdinand I conquered it. The kingdom expanded when Ferdinand II married Isabella I of Casti le in 1469. The merging of the two kingdoms fortify Catholic religion and weakened the Arab strongholds, and even to the point of vanishing of them. It was during this period that Spain had divided political structure because of religious values and regional identity.Moriscos Morisco is a term given to Moslems in Spain and Portugal who were converted by force to Catholicism but continuously practicing their own faith. These Moriscos suffered from discrimination and persecution so they were driven out to North Africa. Prior to expulsion, these pack were given religious freedom under the Treaty of Granada though they were persecuted, which caused rebellions in 1499 and in 1568 to 1571. And in 1609 to 1614, these Moriscos with an estimate number at around 300,000 were totally expelled from Spain pietism Spanish peoples religiosity is articulated in such a way that parents transmit this belief to their offspring. It has often seen in this country some religious practices that are perf ormed by almost all family members such as attending mass and festivities. As a practice, Spanish people observed religious festivals in remembrance of saints. Religion has the biggest contribution in the development of their culture as a country. The State of the Spanish order Spanish society was characterized by strong regionalism and religiosity.However, a unified Spain was achieved when they finally confided themselves in one religion and one political structure especially during the reign of Ferdinand II and Isabella I. Most of the members of their society comprised the knights, bishops, nobility, and townspeople. During the reign of Ferdinand II, they had a unified Spain with advancement in trade, centralized institutions, central banking system, and advance science and discovery. Philip IV, His Son Charles, and the Pope The French to the Spanish CrownPhilip IV inherited the crown in 1621, at the age of 16, and through his reign the dream of hegemonic Spain was pervasive desp ite the kingdoms vulnerability both internationally and domestically. Though he implemented several economic reforms yet his reign was characterized as the end of Spains hegemonic era, and Castile experience utter defeat. After Philip IV death his son Charles II inherited the throne in 1668. However his reign was characterized by weak monarchy, and was known as golden age for the privileged classes particularly the Castilian aristocracy who took advantage of the weak monarchy.According to Charles Knight (1840), the Popes interest in Spain was that he wanted to restore Spain to her rank and power among nations (Knight1840, p. 78). It can be recalled that Spain under Philip IV suffered humiliating defeat and lost her prestige as hegemonic nation. Reference List Donell, S. (2003) Femenizing the Enemy Imperial Spain, Transvestite Dramma, and the Crises USA Bucknell University Press. Knight, Charles. (1840) Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London En cyclopedias and Dictionaries.

Mongols in the Middle East

The Mongols were raiders, clan warriors, and rulers of a transcontinental empire in the thirteen century. Also referred to as the Tatars and barbarians, they conquered Persia before moving on to Europe with the caravan inn of Khans, Genghis Khan as their most measurable leader. Eventually the Mongols made an empire for themselves which is known as the largest contiguous empire in world history.In Europe, the Mongols first attacked Hungary in the year 1241. They smashed all military opposition in Poland and the Balkans before regrouping to push west. The Mongol invasion of all Europe could have been comp permited in the course of a year. However, an unexpected message arrived to call back all Mongols to Genghis Khan. Europe was partly delivered. But Islam was not.By the year 1220, the Mongols had captured Samarkand and Bukhara. And, in the year 1255, the Mongol rulers of Persia went to war against the Caliph of Islam in Baghdad. Led by Genghis Khans grandson, Hulagu Khan, they invad ed Syria and Palestine, and in 1258, captured Baghdad, destroying the city and killing the Abbasid Caliph in the process.Baghdad, before the Mongol invasion, was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the centers of intellectual activity for the entire globe. By attacking the center, the Mongols pretty oftentimes snuffed out the intellectual flowering of the time. Besides, the city had had its agriculture supported by a canal network thousands of years in age. The Mongols also destroyed the physical structure of Baghdad before then referred to as the City of Peace by filling in the irrigation canals and leaving Iraqtoo depopulated to restore them. The barbarians had killed around eighty thousand people of Baghdad.After Baghdad, the Mongols marched westward, but were halted at Ayn Jalut, one of the determinative battlefields of history near Nazareth in Israel. In the year 1260, the Turkish and Egyptian forces routed the Mongols at Ayn Jalut, thereby preventing the enemy from attacking Egypt and North Africa. The Golden Horde Mongols of Russia sided with the Turks and the Egyptians to good turn against their own kind.By coming into contact with the Moslems through invasions, countless Mongols began to embrace Islam. Ghazan Khan Mahmud, a Mongol ruler, officially adopted Islam as the religion of the conjure up at the dawn of the fourteenth century. During this period, the Mongols built mosques and schools, and patronized all sorts of scholarship.Then again, Tamerlane, the world conqueror, appeared among the Mongols, leading the barbarian forces to sweep down on Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria occupying Aleppo and capital of Syria and threatening the Mamluks. The Muslims survived their invaders. Nonetheless, the damage had been done. Some of the regions occupied by the Muslims in the past did never recover fully, and the Muslim empire never fully regained its enormous bureau held in the past.The Mongol invasions happened to be a major cause of subseq uent decline that set in throughout the heartland of the Arab East. The Mongols, in their sweep through the Muslim world, had killed and deported innumerable scholars as well as scientists destroyed libraries along with their irreplaceable works and thereby set the stage for general intellectual decline in the ticker East. By wiping out the invaluable cultural, scientific, and technological legacy thatthe Muslim scholars had been preserving for some five hundred years the Mongols had left an indelible mark on the minds of the affection Easterners. After the Mongols, the Middle East never really reached the height of intellectual supremacy it once had reached.The Mongols came to rule the entire Middle East yet for Egypt. Traditionally the worshippers of heaven, the Mongols had believed in their divine right to rule the entire world. The Muslims in the Middle East had also believed in their own supremacy until this time. This is because the Holy Quran had referred to the believers as the best of communities raised on earth. The Mongol invasions were a bitter disappointment for the Muslims of the Middle East, seeing that they showed how the great Muslim Caliphate could be routed easily by a band of barbarians.A serious setback for the Muslims of the Middle East, Mongols ruled the Middle Easterners from Persia instead of Baghdad, crushing the Arab sense of superiority in the process. The masters had turned into subjects. This, indeed, was an important lesson for Middle Easterners, seeing that the events of the centuries to come held even greater blows in store for them.Muslim historians have asserted that the Mongol invasion of the Middle East was a punishment from God for the rulers of the Muslim world that had turned to corruption. Moreover, God does not tolerate arrogance on the part of a race that comes to rule another. The Middle Easterners had, by this time, seen tremendous successes almost e precisewhere in the world. And yet, the Abbasids had overthrown the Umayyads, thereby setting the stage for Middle Eastern decline. This is because Islam does not set brother against brother. It may very well be that rulers from the Middle East had begun overthrowing one another for power alone rather thanIslam. In fact, the same pattern was applied among the Mughal emperors of the subcontinent, who too were in the end overthrown by outsiders.When the Ottomans were overthrown by outsiders after the First World War, it was a reminder for the Muslim world. As a matter of fact, the Mongols were brought to mind. Once again, the Muslim Caliphate had been done outdoor(a) with.One of the reasons cited by Muslim scholars for the fall of the Muslim Caliphate is that many of the caliphs who came after Prophet Muhammad and his friends, Abu Bakr, Usman, Umar, and Ali were defeated because they had built grand empires at the cost of discarding thoughts about the afterlife. In fact, right up to the Ottomans, the Muslims had formed a truly magnificent empi re.Harems were common, and there was just too much excitement over economic affairs to let the afterlife be of much concern to the rulers as well as their subjects. In actuality, Muslims are meant to be focused on the afterlife instead of worldly affairs. Even though the grandeur of David and Solomon is not disdained, many of the caliphs of Islam after the first few ones are truly known to have turned too much attention on worldly affairs. This, according to Muslim historians, was one of the chief causes of Middle Eastern decline.The Mongols stay in the consciousness of the Middle Easterners today as a reminder of the brutal past a past for which only they were held responsible. The reminder is beneficial. In point of fact, the history of the Mongols among the Middle Easterners is only meant to bring the Muslims of the Middle East closer to God, and the real spirit of Islam.

Voice Command

go summons Reference October 2, 1997 translator demand Set Technical Reference 3Com U. S. Robotics 1 vowelize Command Reference October 2, 1997 V 1. 0 V 2. 0 Revision information Initial Release for Sportster Vi modem Amended and updated version. Vi, Voice, Flash and MessagePlus Now covers following Sportsters 3Com U. S. Robotics 2 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 1. Global Commands The AT see to its in the following sections are global, meaning that they give the gate be issued in every appropriate mode (i. e. , any CLS engraftting). For consistency, the bidding set is divided into action commands and parameters (non-action commands).Those commands, which are action commands (i. e. , those that cause some change in the current operating behavior of the modem) are identified as such, and the remaining commands are parameters. 1. 1 ATA Answering in Voice The answer action command works analogously to the way it works in information and Fax Modes except for the fol lowing 1. When configured for Voice Mode (CLS=8), the modem enters Online Voice Command Mode immediately after going off-hook. When theCLS=8 command is issued, the modem can be programmed to look for 1100 and 1300 Hz calling tones (see VTD), thus eliminating the need to do so as part of A command processing.After the VCON heart and soul is issued, the modem re-enters Online Voice Command Mode while sending any incoming DTMF or Calling Tone indications to the DTE. After answering in Voice Mode (CLS=8), the DTE, as part of its call discrimination processing, can decide to change the CLS setting to attempt receiving a fax in Class 1, or to make a data connection. In such a case, the DTE commands the modem to proceed with the data or fax handshake via the A command even though the modem is already off-hook. 1. 1. 1 Parameters homogeneous as Data and Fax modes. . 1. 2 Result Codes VCON Issued in Voice Mode (CLS=8) immediately after going off-hook. 1. 2 ATD Dial Command in Voice The di al action command works analogously to the way it works in Data or Fax modes. When in Voice Mode (CLS=8) The modem attempts to determine when the remote has picked up the call back line and once this determination has been made, the VCON message is sent to the DTE. This determination is initially made based upon ringback undercover work and disappearance. (See VRA and VRN commands. ).Once connected in Voice Mode, the modem immediately enters the command state and switches to Online Voice Command Mode that enables unsolicited reporting of DTMF and answer tones to the DTE. 1. 2. 1 Parameters Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 2. 2 Result Codes VCON Issued in Voice Mode (CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote modem or handset has gone off-hook, or when returning to the Online Voice Command Mode. (See VRA and VRN. ) 3Com U. S. Robotics 3 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 NO ANSWER Issued in Voice Mode (CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote has not picked up the line onwards the S7 timer expires. . 3 ATH Hang Up in Voice This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes by interruption up (disconnecting) the telephone line. There are, however, some specific considerations when in Voice Mode 1. The H command forces CLS=0, but does not destroy any of the translator parameter settings such as VBS, VSP, etc. Therefore, if the DTE wishes to issue an H command and then pursue another junction call, it must issue a attendant CLS=8 command, but it neednt reestablish the voice parameter settings again unless a change in the settings is desired. 2. The BDR setting is forced back to 0, re-enabling autobaud. . If the VLS setting is set to select a device which is not, or does not include the telephone line (such as a local handset or microphone), the H command deselects this device and reselects the normal default setting (VLS =0). Normally, the DTE should not issue the H command while connected to a local device such as a handset, because me rely selecting this device results in VCON. The normal sequence of terminating a session with such a device is to use the VLS command to select the telephone line, which by definition makes sure it is on-hook. . 3. 1 Parameters Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 3. 2 Result Codes Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4 ATZ Reset from Voice Mode This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes. In addition, the Z command resets all voice related parameters to default states, forces the BDR=0 condition (autobaud enabled), and forces the telephone line to be selected with the handset on-hook. No voice parameters are stored in NVRAM so the profile stiff does not affect the voice aspects of this command. 1. 4. 1 Parameters Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4. 2Result Codes Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 5 BDR Select Baud Rate (Turn off Autobaud) This command forces the modem to select a specific DTE/modem baud rate without further speed sensing on the interface. When a valid BDR=n command is en tered, the OK result code is sent at the current assumed speed. After the OK has been sent, the modem switches to the speed indicated by the BDR=n command it has just received. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the BDR setting is nonzero (no autobaud selected), the modem supports a full duplex DTE interface.This means that the DTE can enter commands at any time, even if the modem is in the process of sending a protect code indicating DTMF detection to the DTE. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the BDR setting is zero (autobaud selected), shielded code reporting to the DTE is disabled. Note that when BDR has been set nonzero, the modem employs the S30 Deadman Timer, and this timer starts at the point where BDR is set nonzero. If this period 3Com U. S. Robotics 4 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 xpires (nominally 60 seconds) with no practise on the DTE interface, the modem reverts to BDR=0 and CLS=0. 1. 5. 1 Parameters n = 0 48 (New baud rate is n*2400 bps) Default 0 1. 5. 2 Result Codes OK defect 1. 5. 3 If n = 0 48. Otherwise. Command options BDR? Returns the current setting of the BDR command as an ASCII decimal value in result code format. BDR=? Returns a message indicating the speeds that are supported. BDR=0 Enables autobaud detection on the DTE interface. BDR=n Where 1

Std Pubic Lice

pic SHEPHERD CENTER 2020 PEACHTREE ROAD, N. W. ATLANTA, GA 30309 Resources & Grants dedicated to spinal anesthesia anaesthesia anaesthesia Cord distress Survivors The Bryon Riesch Foundation The Bryon Riesch Paralysis Foundations goal is to find a cure for paralysis through and through funding the latest in medical research and to provide assistance to those that suffer from neurological disorders. www. brpf. org P. O. loge 1388 Waukesha, WI 53187-1388 Phone (262) 547-2083 emailprotected org Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation 636 Morris Turnpike entourage 3A Short Hills, NJ 07078 emailprotected org www. christopherreeve. org Tel 973-379-2690 800-225Clearinghouse on Disability learning Special Education & Rehabilitative Services Communications & Customer Service Team 550 12th Street, SW, Rm. 5133 Washington, DC 20202-2550 http//www. ed. gov/about/offices/list/osers Tel 202-245-7307 202-205-5637 (TTD) telecommunicate 292024507636 The Dream ships company The Dream Society was created to assist people with keep to severe physical challenges such as paraplegia, and quadriplegia. We will consider all effects on a case by case basis to make any final decisions. www. thedreamsociety. org 2659 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy. PMB 108 Inverness, FL 34453 Phone (352) 400-4967 emailprotected org FODAC Friends of Disabled Adults & Children & Ramps for Champs FODAC provides oer $8 million each year in equipment and services to the community at little or no cost to the recipients. FODACs Ramps for Champs programs builds home ramps and makes other modifications. FODAC currently has special funding for certain recipients based on location and income. (Atlanta area only) 866-977-1204 www. fodac. org Georgia Brain and Spinal Injury Com charge Georgians with traumatic brain and spinal injuries deserve lives of independence and inclusion, lives rich with vision and possibilities.Trust Fund awards assist individuals with injuries in reaching these goals. 888-233-5760 emailprotected state. ga. us www. ciclt. net G. O. A. L. S Go step forward and Live Successfully The primary focus of G. O. A. L. S. , Inc. is to facilitate individuals with spinal corduroy injuriesun4earth achieve greater mobility and independence, better access their environment, and continue an active, productive life. www. goalsinc. net Go Out and Live Successfully, Inc. PO Box 7106 Albany, New York 12224 (561) 212-6499 Joni &Friends International Disability CenterJoni and Friends is a Christian composition for people who are affected by disability, whether it is the disabled person, a family member, or friend. Our objective is to meet the physical, emotional, and phantasmal needs of this group of people in practical ways. 818-707-5664 www. joniandfriends. org The Kevin Kitchnefsky Foundationfor Spinal Cord explore If you or a loved one has suffered a spinal cord injury and need financial assistance, you should chicane that 30% of the money we raise is passed on to deserving individuals and organizations. You, or someone you know, could be eligible for a K Grant. www. helpkevinwalk. rg emailprotected net 109 German Hill Road Tunkhannock, PA 18657 Phone (570) 836-1240 Fax (570) 836-4584 Miami Project to curative Paralysis/ Buoniconti Fund P. O. Box 016960 R-48 Miami, FL 33101-6960 emailprotected med. miami. edu www. themiamiproject. org Tel 305-243-6001 800-STANDUP (782-6387) Fax 305-243-6017 National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) U. S. Department of Education Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services 400 Maryland Ave. , S. W. Washington, DC 20202-7100 www. ed. gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr Tel 202-245-7460 202-245-7316 (TTY)National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC) 4200 Forbes Boulevard Suite 202 Lanham, MD 20706-4829 emailprotected com www. naric. com Tel 301-459-5900/301-459-5984 (TTY) 800-346-2742 Fax 301-562-2401 National Spinal Cord Injury Association Founded in 1948, the National Spinal Cord Injur y Association is the nations oldest and largest civilian organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for hundreds of thousands of Americans living with the results of spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) and their families. www. spinalcord. org 800-962-9629 National Transplant Assistance Fund & Catastrophic Injury ProgramThe mission of NTAFis to help transplant and catastrophic injury patients afford critical but uninsured medically associate expenses through fundraising guidance, patient support and resources, as well as financial assistance. www. catastrophicfund. org 150 Radnor Chester Road Suite F-120 Radnor, PA 19087 800-642-8399 Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) 801 1eighth Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-3517 emailprotected org http//www. pva. org Tel 202-USA-1300 (872-1300) 800-424-8200 Fax 202-785-4452 Spinal Cord Society 19051 County Highway 1 Fergus Falls, MN 56537 http//members. aol. com/scsweb Tel 218-739-5252 or 218-739-5261Fax 218-739-5262 The Travi s Roy Foundation The Travis Roy Foundation Established in 1997 to help spinal cord injury survivors and to fund research into a cure. www. travisroyfoundation. org Brenda Taylor Travis Roy Foundation 60 State Street, 8th Floor Boston, MA 02109 (617) 619-8257 (617) 227-0781 WYNGS Foundation Project Support for Spinal Cord Injury WYNGS is dedicated to addressing the present(prenominal) needs of people with spinal cord injury, providing emotional support, information and resources to ease financial burdens. 7900 Nelson Road expectation City, CA 91402 Phone (818) 267-3031 Fax (818) 267-3095 emailprotected com www. wyngs. org

Civil War †American Civil War Essay

The Civil War, which carve up the Northern and secondern states in the bloodiest conflict in U.S. history, raged on when Abraham capital of Nebraska was re-elected as President. capital of Nebraska Knew that either the tragedy and casualties had to come to an end. When delivering his Second Inaugural Address, he chose to send a message of reconciliation and improve to two sides instead of focusing on politics, thrall, and states rights. Through the use of allusion, diction, and syntax capital of Nebraska creates a common ground to unify the North and South.Lincoln uses allusion to justify the contendfare and its purpose, which was to end slavery. In his speech, he alludes to the Bible, quoting, Woe unto the world because of evils come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh, to show that the fight was caused by Gods wish and was inevitable. America as a whole had committed theoffense of slavery, not just the South but the North as well because they were involved at t he first base of the slave trade and did nothing to end it. Lincoln suggests that the tragedy wrought by the war was a divine punishment to America for possessing slaves to fulfill their greedy desires, saying that God may will that the war continue until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by other drawn with the sword, and that the war was Americas woe due, so some(prenominal) sides were to be blastedd for their actions. He again alludes to the Bible, and says, the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether demonstrating that the meaning of the war was for the North and South to see the consequences of their failings, and to learn to become better people, and through that a better nation, transaction for all Americans to strive on to finish the work we are in, and to bind the nations wounds alluding to a passage of the Book of Psalms, which states that God heals the broken hearted and wounded.Lincoln uses diction to create a unifying character throughout his speech that will set the direction of the nations path of recovery. When he says, let us strive on to finish the work we are into bind up the nations wounds, and, and cherish a just and lasting stop among ourselves, and with all nations, he uses specific verbs such as strive, to encourage the nation to fight vigorously toward their aim of unity, bind, to establish a bond between both sides of the nation, and cherish to ask the people to care for one another, including for people on opposite sides, for everyone once belonged to the kindred great nation. This is so that the people will take notice of the actions that Abraham Lincoln wants the people to do, and remember the emphasise words clearly. Also throughout his speech, he uses the word both in quotes such as, Both usher the same Bible and prayed to the same God, and, He gives to both North and South this terrible war, to address both the North and Souths similarities and involvement in starting the war. He w ants to portray the two parties as equals, neither better nor superior in the eyes of their Almighty God, and both to blame in the war.Lincoln uses syntax to create a formal and ministerial tone in his speech to engage his phantasmal audience. Lincoln asks the audience a rhetorical question, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein some(prenominal) departure from those divine attributes which the supposers in a living God always ascribe to Him? to make them hark back about Gods reasons for letting a bloody and terrible war divide them. The audience, who believe that God is an all-knowing and righteous God, will start to see that while they will never rightfully understand Gods purposes, they can discern that the reason war came was to end a deplorable and harsh treatment of slaves and that the war is a punishment to all those whose wealth and security came at t he get down of brutal and inhumane cruelty. He then uses parallel structure to emphasize the reasons for why the war started. Lincoln states, To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend slavery was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war, to show why the South seceded from the United States. They cute to spread slavery into newly acquired parts of the West, including New Mexico and Utah territories. But God, Lincoln said, decided that slavery would continue no more, and began the war to end it. He again uses parallel structure when he says, With animosity toward none, with charity for all to summarize the actions that he wants his fellow countrymen to accomplish in order to heal and reunite the two sides of the nation. He wants the audience to remember these specific words so that they are reminded to strive toward their goal of unifying the states.Lincoln uses the combined power of religious allusion, syntax, and diction to show that both sides carry bla me in the war through Gods justice, and use that as a bonding federal agent to recombine the United States so that they can achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among themselves and with all nations.

Enabling Learning and Assessment Essay

Description, do and evaluation of two different appraisal activities. Assessment is the process of checking what the savant has learnt against what has been taught. Assessments atomic number 18 use as a diagnostic tool to establish en supply level behaviour / academic ability, to help diagnose any addition information disabilities and to determine the scholarly persons preferred learning styles. Assessments acts to motivate learners, and create additional learning opportunities. It is also Used to provide constructive feedback. Assessments be used to grade learners course work and is used as a quality assurance mechanism both internal (standardisation meeting) and external (External Verification by Awarding Body). Assessments assure that standards are maintained, certificates achievements, helps facilitate progression and predicts future performance / selection.Wilson (2008114) states that You may use treasurement to identify specific needs of learners and sagaciousnesss sh ould be an integral comp hotshotnt of your teaching and lesson plan. Norm referencing or prescriptive this is one a learner is assessed against each other the learners abilities is measured/ compared against the learners. This method is very common in educational establishments. Criterion referencing learner has achieved a spoticular standard the learner humbledlife either to the tasks, issue the question or use occupationally competent. This method is used in NVQ/ QCF . This t terminals to be a pass or fail onset. This style of assessment measures what the learner seat do and allow be given the charm support and counselor to achieve. Ipsative assessment this method of assessment relies on the individual learner ego assessing whether their friendship performance or ability meets the standards set. This will be used at the end of the programme.The learner will summarise his learning at the end of programme Formative assessment this is also known as continuous assessment . It will allow the learner to determine their progress and improve where necessary. This bottom of the inning act as a motivational tool to the learner. Kolb learning styles advocates formative assessment as this will aid own(prenominal) development and progression after the course of study. Summative assessment this draws to take the form of tests for exams at the end of study. This tends to be a more than formal way of assessing. The learner is tested on their skills and knowledge that at a time the learning has been end. This form of assessment tends to put enormous pressure onthe learner and success is babelike on the final outcome of the test. Many learners rule this quite anxious lead-in to learner apprehension. observing a learner in their place of work would enable me to determine their level of occupational competence.As a health and social care assessor/ handler, this form of assessment works best, any areas of in equating would be addressed when providing th e learner with feedback. Observation assessment gives the learner the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding. Wilson. (2008114) states that this is considered one of the best forms of assessment because there commode be no doubts in the mind of the assessor that the learner knows how to do something. The learners tend to generally enjoy assignments due to the variety of each assignment. A chump excrete for each assessment can be easily established for other tutors to mark and support learners. bingle has to be cognisant that Projects are learner driven and Assignments are tutor led. As a tutor, marking written questions requires a very detailed marking assessment (Reliability) plan to ensure transparency and fairness. deciding what proportion of their work deserves what marks and areas relating to punctuation a, grammar and spelling needs to be address and shared with learners at the start of each written essay.In addition to the above, Oral questions allo ws me to directly assess the learners understanding of the publication matter (Authenticity). I have used this method when conducting Observations and when providing feed back to learners after they have completed their multiple Choice/ minuscule answers. Some learners find it difficult to understand what is compulsory from them when posed as a written question. By verbally repeating the question or re-phrasing the questions will give the learner the opportunity to add to their original answer (Differentiation). One has to be aware non to used leading or closed questions. As a tutor I need to be aware not to lead the learner and authenticity of the learner work can be questioned. With the learner permission, digital Dictaphones are often used which can be used to check authenticity (learners words and voice can be heard and validated). Learners tend to benefit from formative assessment activities throughout the duration of their course as it would provide opportunities to build on their strengths and provide additional opportunities to learn from their mistakes.A good assessment mannequin should consist of the borrowing go pastly defined stages Decide the intended learning Outcomes educate the assessmenttask(s) Devise the learning activities. Reliability is an important element of all assessment models as it should ensure that assessors/ tutors acting singly using the equal criteria and marking scheme would come to exactly the same judgement about a given piece of work. Explicit learning outcomes tend lead to achieving reliability as all assessors / tutors and learners follow the same learning outcomes. Reliability should Ensure that same work should be exhibited the same score .Secondly, Examiners / assessors award the same score to the same script if they score it again on a subsequent occasion. Finally, ensure that student get the same score in the test when it is administered at different times.Reliability can be increased by introducing a marki ng scheme for assessors especially for those assessments which have traditionally low reliabilities i.e. essays. It will not ensure that the essay will be marked in exactly the same way but will ensure the basis of the marking will be the same i.e. flavor for the same things in each essay leading to increased reliability. Validity Does the assessed task actually assess what you want to it to? There are different types of Validity .Content validity Ensuring that the aims of the curriculum are in property with what the learner needs to know. One has to make sure that the learning objectives are remains closely relate to the learners desired learning outcomes otherwise the quality of the whole course could be brought into question.Secondly, Construct validity ensuring that the assessment is closely linked to the desired learning outcomes of the course. Finally, Predictive validity Ensuring that the performance of a student on assessments is closely related to their future performan ce on the predictive measure. Francis & Gould (200987) state The way in which the required information is delivered can also make a significant difference to the way in which it is reliableReflect on feedback in assessment to inform learners progress and achievement Feedback is a process involving the tutor and learner. It is an opportunity for both parties to give constructive advice on their strengths and addressing weaknesses, as well as offering guidance and support, in order for future development to occur. Having a good rapport with your learner, helps in the feedback process. Francis & Gould (200987) stated The intimately obvious of these is to have a good knowledge of the learners-theirprevious knowledge and experience, their catamenia levels of understanding, their aptitude for the crush. The Feedback Sandwich is a popular method of giving feedback whereby the tutor opens with a positive statement (reassures and relaxes learner) followed by a developmental statement (c ontribution from learner is sort during this stage) including area of concern, ending with a motivational death statement (learner to identify their own areas of development).Francis & Gould (2009105) stated Good feedback acknowledges what the learner is doing correctly and identifies clearly and concisely what can be done to further improve performance. This can be used as part of the learner assessment process. This can be either an informal or formal format. I tend to give workweekly informal feedback after an assignment has been submitted followed by a formal 12 week Progress review. One must be aware of telling or asking approaches during feedback. Telling has the proceeds in providing a quick / direct response and giving confidence to inexperienced learners in the short term. In the long term the learners confidence may be eroded leading to over settlement on the tutor. Asking approaches invites the learners to self evaluate their progress and arrive at their own conclusio ns leading to a more independent learner (used at 12 week reviews ) .Insecure and timid learners may find this approach to feedback intimidating especially if they have difficulty evaluating and analysing their work. I have used the Telling approach to a new learner who required a quick and direct first feedback review in order to focus them on the task at hand. Francis & Gould (2009107) stated A general rule we should try an wean learners away from reliance on the teacher and help them become more independent in their learning and performance of the skill Feedback could be either verbal or written. Feedback requires good communication skills and a diplomatic nature and approach. It will also test your listening, objectivity and explaining skills.Good feedback should Delivered promptly after an assessment, Be a two way process between learner and tutor, Motivational in nature, where by the learners self esteem and confidence is not adversely affected, Specific and to the point- as a tutor, one has to be aware not to digress and remain objective , Choice and solutions can be explored during feedback, focus on things that can be changed i.e. behaviour and finally Positive and Constructive whereby the learner feels that the required changes can beachieved. Francis & Gould (2009105) stated Feedback, whatever the purpose, should be constructive. During a recent observation assessment with one of my learners, I provided verbal feedback on what I had observed, in which my positive but constructive feedback was generally well received. I focussed on the positive elements of the observation, highlighting the assessment criteria that I thought were met, followed by area that I thought could be meliorate on.The learner interpretationed that she had not realised that she had covered so many assessment criterias and had had conducted herself in such a positive and professional manner. As A result of receiving such positive feedback which highlighted areas of her strength s and weaknesses, she has improved the quality and frequency of her written assignments. How feedback from others informs owns professional practice. I have recently received feedback from my line four-in-hand (Internal verifier), conducting a learner 12 week review on their progress to date. On the whole, my line managing director thought I had conducted a good learner review, providing constructive but encouraging feedback on assignments submitted, workshops company and attendance.My overall preparation (copies of comments on previous feedback/ assignments) for the review was deemed satisfactory and I had covered all the areas of the diploma (ERR, Technical certificate, Functional skills), highlighted areas of achievement and what remains outstanding. My line four-in-hand stated that I should record more of the Information , Advice and Guidance (IAG) that I verbally gave to my learners (i.e. referencing the need for the learner to read specific company policies and procedures , dish the dirt certain websites and recommended reading materials ISBN). In addition to the above, my line manager requested that the learner wrote a comment in the learner section of the review as well as having the learners manager comment on the review also.I have now incorporated these recommendations into my most recent reviews ensuring that learners own their feedback. Seeking the comments and signatures of the learners manager is a little more problematic often having to arrange a separate visit completely for this purpose. In summary, effective assessment should ensure Consistent outcomes , Accessible to learners whereby learners can access assessments and follow systems of equality and inclusion, Detailed assessments covering all areas of the curriculum, Earned by learner and they have achieved award and Transparent , clear and meaningful to all parties.(CADET). The assessment process informs me of the progress of the learner, whether my teaching is effective to all lear ners and finally whether my assessments are effective in relation to validity, authenticity and reliability. Following the above CADET model, I feel that my current assessment and feedback methodology meet the required standard.ReferencesBoud, D (1995) Enhancing Learning Through self assessments, London. Kogan Page. Honey, P and A. Mumford (1982/1992) The manual(a) of learning styles, Maidenhead Peter Honey Publications. Wilson, L (2008), Practical training A Guide to PTLLS & CTLLS. London. Cengage Learning. EMEA. Francis. M & Gould. J (2009) Achieving your PTLLS Award a practical guide to successful Teaching in the lifelong sector. London. quick of scent Publication Hillier, Y. (2005) Reflective teaching in further and adult education .London. Continuum. Wilson. L (2008) Practical Teaching A Guide to PTLLS and CTLLS. London. Cengage. EMEA.