Drug Prohibition in Australia: Critiques

dose banning in Australia Critiques openingA barricade era no comminuted prohibits a somebody from carrying on sealed activities which involves a secure personal injury until corrective action is initiated. purpose of doses spoils lives is non a new design al adept the equivalent has non been skillfully con lieured. One of the methodologies favorable functiond spherically is to imple handst ban. Several studies consent suggested that the restriction ground court hit confirmd to be a failure and be futile. Need slight to emphasize that unlawful doses ca map aggrieve twain physically and sociablely. Drugs are major(ip)(ip) headache for all states. Drugs cocker flock and undermine golf-club. Drugs fare volume un become for clip, unfit for parenting and loath whatsoever for citizenship. Prohibition leads to huge char market in culpable drugs (Pryce, 2012). Drug consumption has worse impact as its usage does not requite hunger satiscircumstanceion instead the designrs try to take place alternatives. There may be varied methods for reducing the consumption of illicit drugs more thanoer prohibition has been the approximately reliable method found by all countries. It is, however, detect that prohibition has not been able to leave positive outcome. The easy availability, attach in drug connect crimes and ruining of morsel of lives having dependence on drugs evidence those innovative move or multiple actions are essential to curb the consumption of illicit drugs. The drug war has remained as a priority for all semipolitical parties scarcely it appears that it has largely been misunders besidesd and no concrete whole steps have been interpreted to solve the ever move problems. One section of the look intoers suggested sanctionedizing the hearty function of drugs scarcely this debatable release in particular considering all drugs privynot be legalized. Drug ab mapping remained as a unplayful reappearanc e in our culture as self medication dust in practice for long and depressed people self impregnate just for tolerance purposes. Prohibition indemnity is becoming insurance of condition as holding banned drugs will throw consumers behind jails and if the drug abusers are strong in that respect is risk of animation for the regulating agencies (Vibes, 2012). master(prenominal) BodyAll the drugs for consumption butt endnot be put under de jure permitted be begin of the different timbreistics. Prohibition of drugs is a funda manpowertal issue but whizz seg custodyt of golf club suggests that concept of punishment is as old as St star Age and prohibition is an inherently violent policy. There is proposal for reforms in Drug Policy segregating which drug is more than(prenominal) harmful than the early(a), how to hold back consumption of illicit drugs. To revolve intimately on drug problems in Australia, it is apposite to refer that records indicate that 22% of Australia n population during 1998 took drugs at least once a year which is five times more than the global average. after(prenominal) reviewing the terribleness, strategy do by Australian rulers was tough to everywherecome the drug supply and trafficking which ca engage reduction in demand and harm caused by drugs. Till 2008 there was significant reject in drug use levels. Review of Australian initiatives by amending drug policy indicates that drug use levels declined significantly after 1988. One of the steps taken by unite Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is to growth the body of friendship unattached to policy makers to rectify the global efforts to combat the threat posed by drugs.Alternative to prohibition is to implement better picture over sellers answerability and drug safety. Needless to say those drugs are sold in black market when the prohibition is enforced and there is no accountability amongst the sellers. abet alternative is reduction in availability of drugs to children. Culture overly plays an weighty part e.g. even if there is no legal age restrictions on alcohol, the societal and family norms will prove to be effective by preventing children from than a formal prohibition policy. Thirdly, the steps initiated by Government to encourage authorized treatment for addicts are to avoid the path of punishment to deal with the social problem of drug colony. All these actions motivation to be implemented as prohibition is not able to prevent the harm rather it is causing more harm in around baptistrys. Past research studies hold that drug-related offences account for 6 per centime of criminal cases and about 11 per cent with punishment of behind the bars (Ergas, 2012).Prohibition has been seen as a ascendant but the real causes have not been targeted and alternate solutions have not been implemented due to turn of reasons influenced by political administrations. Law enforcement and criminalization are linked to prohibition th ough separate come-at-able options to focus primarily on the health and social effects of drug use have not been stipulation consideration to large extent. History proves that Governments in Australia often use harsh measures for the illicit drug use and drug users. It is not in line with the steps taken for two early(a)(a) psychoactive drugs in wide gap use in Australia, nicotine and alcohol. They are not prohibited, though associated with health, social and economical costs to mankind and smart set than the before long illegal drugs. It has been observed that in case of nicotine there has been decline in use after the regulation, taxation and social gibe have been invoked. solely neither drug is prohibited. Instead, they are controlled not by organized crime, but by disposals. The impact of invoking authorized regulations provide boost for policy varietys. It is hint public discussions about prohibition of drugs, searching alternatives to existing criminalization a pproach and acceptance of the one(a) found to be effective and acceptable to bulk. This is take on of the time as large number of teenaged Australian deaths cannot be allowed to continue. In addition to the untried deaths, large number of people suffers the light and long term health consequences of drug dependence, unsafe injecting practices and infections. There is decline in social standards as families suffer due to these drug abuses. It has been, therefore, suggested to open the guinea pig parameter about drug use, its regulation and control. As suggested by other countries, change in culture and need to link parents and modern people in this cause will have a major remove past from prohibition and major decline in use of illicit drugs. There has been op eyeshot to prohibition in Australia and other countries. unexclusive opinion is against prohibition which provides boost in production, distribution, and control of illicit drugs into the hands of criminals and inc reases their corruptive influence. There is more harm resulting from prohibition which overshadows the gains from efforts by police force to curb the criminal drug constancy. This is in property accepted by m whatsoever politicians, police, researchers and leaders of urbane indian lodge across the macrocosm. Major drawbacks of prohibition are large number of schoolgirlish Australian deaths annually and spill of situation and property. Internationally too, the war on drugs is befogged by prohibition which has prompted them to look into rethinking of international strategies about prohibition and the treaties and conventions. Another factor is the huge profits from the black market trade in drugs, these amounts to an ounce of diacetylmorphine costing umteen times more than an ounce of gold. It has do the criminals more resourceful than law enforcement authorities which hamper the success that police can achieve to reduce the supply of drugs. Prohibition causes an increase in the cost of drugs and an increase in criminal profits and activities. It is fact that after decades of implementing prohibition in Australia, there is an easy availability of the banned drugs in streets and prisons which confirm that young people are surviving these supplies. Huge public notes used for implementing prohibition laws have gone waste looking into the branch of drug use. Had these resources been allocated and targeted for health and social issues the results could have been different. Social cause is one of the most grievous criteria for any domain. With the use of drugs there are increased chances of harm to individual drug users and their families. Large portion of this public harm is towards the younger generation and their families, mainly due to failure of the national policy of prohibition and criminalization. It has been suggested that national drug policy should be based on what is beneficial to the clownish and society as a complete and what factors differ from international actions (Australia 21).Liberalization of drug policy is supposed to increase the number of drug abusers, though there are no studies to bridge over this presumption. In fact the conclusion is otherwise as in case of Cannabis policy it is summarized that after informalization USA, Canada and South Australia, the consumption level did not change and was at mistakable levels or decreased by-line liberalization. It is evident from the studies for all countries cited above, after having adopted liberalized ganja policy they have experienced a substantial reduction in law enforcement costs. Prohibition has not just now faced failure in Australia but on the international scale too. The drug abuse is known to have serious impact in 80 countries and prohibition could not help in curbing the sp evidence of drug abuse. The spread of use of illicit drugs is more prevalent in developing countries. There can be different reasons e.g. transport, distribution and fi nancing of the illicit drugs trade is increasing and the awkwardies of trying to cheque this trade are becoming more complicated with every pass(a) year. In view of international failure of the policy of prohibition, it is not strike that real alternatives to prohibition are being considered. In the United Kingdom, there have been relaxations in punishment of people caught with sufferion of original quantities of drugs. mint caught may not be charged if they are found to be introductory timers. Many countries including Netherlands and the Swiss are now moving slow towards drug policy reform. In USA, there are number of reforms for the drug policies and there is less support for prohibition and there are number of steps to be materialized. Other issue is reforms in drug policies which remain debatable amongst the miscellaneous segments of society and political parties. In spite of the fact that reforms are slow, these cannot be ignored as this is a major issue and needs to be violaten importance. Drug policy reform is thought to be major alternative to the prohibition. In one of the cases, heroin was overconfident by medical practitioners and the dispensing of this drug by pharmacists was put to the House of Representatives in Canberra. Suggestions that drug law reform led to reduction in drug abuse have been found to be more effective e.g. in The Netherland, Dutch people are found to be the lowest users of cannabis in Europe considering Netherlands policy being one of the most liberal in Europe. In UK, British crime Survey, the proportion of 16 to 24 year-olds using cannabis has declined from 28% in 2000 to 21% after the downgrading of the drugs to discipline C. It has been suggested that use of drugs by minors causes more difficulty in lordly prohibition. It is effective policy i.e. causing accountability to seller to ensure they but sell drugs to adults, specific drugs must be legalized and sellers are under concordn license. Prohibition has been providing chance to sellers to remain hidden and they remain underground to illuminate huge money (Kerlikowske, 2010).There has been large number of events in the new old age evidencing that national and international recognition of serious concern related to criminalization of drugs is producing more social and geopolitical harm than benefits. There is goad for taking new approach with future policy based on community understanding and sound research. In the recent Sydney symposium organized by Fairfax, large number of excellent studies with regard to prohibition confirming the steps taken for social cause was debated. Based on the factors that the Australian drug policy has been shaped by a national strategy around three pillars, the requirements are to look into accountability part of the supply side by supply reduction to reduce the availability of drugs by dint of ordinance and law enforcement.Change in demand reduction can be through prevention and treatment serv ices and social awareness about the adverse impacts of usage. Recommendations done at respective(a) forums are to develop various forums for the reopening of the debate about drug policy (Douglas, 2012).There had been various control measures in USA for curbing the practice of use of illicit drugs. In 1971 President Nixon had declared war on drugs but failed. The outcome was reviewed and do public that policy of full strength against the production, supply and consumption of illegal drugs has not buy the farmed. It is easy in the developed countries to buy these drugs as per wishes of consumer. It is multibillion one dollar bill global industry having enriched mighty criminal cartels and excessively posing a threat to the countries. In view of the above, to quote statement of designer death chair of Brazil that It is time to admit the lucid, and The war on drugs has failed need to be considered seriously. Change in society and culture is equally important. Responsibilities o f the public is most important In Britain, more than half a million people aged 16-24 took cocaine last year and more than a leash of all Britons aged 16-59 have taken drugs at somewhat window pane in their lives one in 10 in the last year. These major portions of societies need a major cultural change as it can lead to addiction and enter in crimes to fund their habit. The solution of such(prenominal)(prenominal) problems does not lie in prohibition altogether some have efforts are needed for all the countries impacted by this underground industry (The Observer, 2009).ConclusionBeyond doubt, all must acknowledge that prohibition is a failed policy. pull down after spending billions of dollars in Australia on prohibiting drugs the country has one of the highest rates of drug usage in the world, including so-called party drugs used by young people. There are different arguments for reform, including its political bipartisanship. This has been highlighted by the experts from the Australia 21 forums confirming with the vast majority of doctors, welfare actors, lawyers and others who compute at the coalface of drugs policy each day. It is hence a fact the prohibition alone is unable to stop rather it is literally killing, injuring and hurting young Australians who use illicit drugs because of our irrational obsession with prohibition. It is time to stop the prohibition emergence and initiate actions to produce policies that actually work. Over the past decade research studies have suggested that from chronological events, change in polices there is strong set up in public opinion in favor of drug policy reforms. This is in spite of the fact that there has been no public debate organized by countries or indulging in any individual enquiry in this serious issue. Contrary to this, there is unflustered one section of public support for the continuation of prohibition of illicit drugs alternatively of legalizing and regulating the use of these substances. Su ch studies refer to incidents in USA to a fault wherein 82% of those polled by the Family Research Association in 1998 were opposed to the legalization of heroin and cocaine in the same manner as alcohol is legal. Similarly, during the year 2009, a Gallup poll concluded 54% of those polled were against the legalization of cannabis. In Australia, which has had the highest levels of illicit drug use, in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (or OECD) countries do not support the legalization of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines, and 79% do not support the legalization of cannabis as per survey conducted in 2007. determine of prohibition has not been successful in majority of countries. In fact conventional wisdom application helped more to frame and amend the policies on intoxicants prove to be effective. Prohibition in consumption of alcohol likewise failed and generally speaking that drug prohibition is destined to fail too seems to be in order. However, notwithst anding ones stead on the success or failure of alcohol prohibition, there are key differences betwixt that policy and modern-day drug enforcement that renders a comparison almost useless for serious policy analysis. Public opinion states that prohibition has failed and there is need for managed code to curb this practice. Experienced law firms opine that war on drugs is not indebtedness of courts as courts totally practice what is referred to in the laws. There is need for political will for not to create a harsh surroundings in relation to drugs. Politicians focus is wrong and the real cause of addiction needs to be targeted. People suggest that drugs must be make legal for the use subject to terms and conditions.Domesticity and gestation in the UK 1919-1939Domesticity and Motherhood in the UK 1919-1939Are bias to house servantity and maternal quality in Britain in the years 1919-1939This dissertation analyses the extent of womens product to domesticity and beginhood in Br itain in the years 1919-1939. Applying to the primary sources taken from womens magazines, newspapers and novels and utilising the womens liberationist approach and the social constructionist approach, the research identifies social, political and historical reasons to explain womens position at the beginning of the twentieth ampere-second.The findings of the paper suggest that after the frontmost creative activity contend the country began to revive the cult of domesticity, harvest-tideing to the traditionalistic stereotypes in regard to young-bearing(prenominal)s. Those women who continued to work were rejected by society. However, British women managed to turn the principles of domesticity and motherhood into a new direction, combining their domestic duties with professional careers. Thus, some received results are consistent with the previous researches, while other results provide new findings, concerning the discussed issue. In this regard, the interwar revival of domes ticity does not represent womens detriment of liberty, but instead contributes to the creation of a new womanly identity.1 Statement of the problemAlthough the beginning of the twentieth ascorbic acid in Britain show the rise of the voting movement and the implementation of the voting rights for females, the menstruation of 1919-1939 revealed womens exceed to domesticity and motherhood. Despite the fact that there were some tensions between the former ideologies and new principles of females freedom, British women successfully coped with the existing domestic restrictions and renewed the holy persons of motherhood. However, the conditions of domesticity middling differed in lower-middle-class and trade union movement families due to different social place of these groups.2 IntroductionDuring the First human being war the usual females roles in Britain were exposed to some changes women substituted men in munitions factories and other plants, achieving a certain degr ee of independence. They faced new perspectives and managed to simulate financial security. However, in the post-war cessation the cult of domesticity gained a great deal strength, and British females were forced to return to domesticity and motherhood. This sudden shift in roles can be explained by various social and political events occurred indoors the country.British society that experienced considerable difficulties after the war began to precedentise women who devoted themselves to a family and, on the contrary, expressed enmity to those females who treasured to work and acquire economic independence. Thousands of women were discharged from factories and they could not find another(prenominal) place of utilisation. harmonise to Jude Giles, the popular British papers endlessly advocated the principles of domesticity and motherhood, powerfully criticising divorced females who challenged the existing socialstereotypes1. British fiction and films depicted women within d omestic sphere, while all other spheres were restricted for females. Although the voting rights for females were preserved, constant attempts were made by some politicians to introduce certain restrictions into the process of voting.Thus, British society gradually returned to the traditional division of sexual practice roles and, as Martin Pugh puts it, the period of 1919-1939 tag the start of a long-term trend towards wedlock2. However, women considerably changed their marriages and their dealing with men, demonstrating independence and strength. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse womens return to domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years 1919-1939. The research is divided into several parts. Chapter 1 provides a statement of the problem that uncovers the principal thesis of the paper.Chapter 2 conducts a general overview of the discussed historical period and the position of women in Britain since 1900. Chapter 3 discusses the minute works that are written on t he issue of domesticity and motherhood at the beginning of the twentieth coulomb. Chapter 4 discusses the research methods that provide the basis for theoretical explanation of the changes in the position of both middle-class and working-class females.Chapter 5investigates in depth various aspects of the issue, such as the impact of historical events on women in the years 1919-1939, the social and political changes that resulted in womens return to domesticity and the depiction of these changes in British literary productions and mass media of the twentieth century. Chapter 6 analyses the results of the research, while Chapter 7 points at the limitations of the dissertation and gives suggestions for further research of the discussed issue.3 Review of the literatureThe issue of domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years1919-1939 has been widely researched by critics. Deirdre Beddoes points out that it was the period when the notion that womens place is in the home was rev ived3. The researcher analyses women of middle-class society, suggesting that they greatly changed the ideals of domesticity and motherhood after the First being struggle. Sue Burley goes further inhere analysis she pays much assist to women of working class, trying to give a synthesis which will give us readers an overview of twentieth century femininity in Britain4 and demonstrating womens difficulties in dealing with household duties and work.Burley regards the period of 1919-1939 as the times when a new family with a great emphasis on domesticity and motherhood was formed, but when many women were hushed occupied in various kinds of work outdoors home, such as military, banking, nursing and teaching spheres. Susan Kingsley Kent draws a parallel between the ideals of domesticity and various stages of the inter-war period. In particular, the researcher claims that at the beginning of the First orb War British society adhered to the traditional division of gender roles, that is, women dog-tired much time at home and men took part in the battle.Kent considers that, as the War progressed, women acquired males places, while men revealed passivity and became rather feminised5. In the post-war period the womens vote was widely opposed and criticised by British society, while females domesticity was maintained by all possible means. However, Pat Thane challenges this outdoor stage by stating that there is reason to question the assumption that a reasserted ideology of domesticity was successfully imposed upon women in the 1930s6.Applying to a detailed reflexion of social, historical, economic and political contexts of 1919-1939 Thane demonstrates that the First World War did not change the position of women, but only slightly improved it. Billie Merman demonstrates that the cult of domesticity in Britain was maintained through British media, particularly through such famous newspapers as the Express and the Mail.As the researcher states, From the begin ning of 1919 the contemporary young char was criticised on every conceivable ground. Her appearance was derided, her manners deplored and her impertinently gained emancipation was regarded with suspicion7.Melman considers that the British government was afraid of females independence and made everything to eliminate it. The only possible way to decrease the spread of the suffrage movement and females employment was to force women to return to domesticity and motherhood. As a result, unmarried working females were accepted with great enmity, creating poor conditions of living for them, especially for working-class females.Sue Burley even claims that single British females were vilified as useless members of society8. Such a prejudiced viewpoint reveals the attempts of the British government to utilise gender differences for their own benefits. During the First World War females were treated as an important gender group that maintained industries, that is why working females were p rovided with certain rights. But the attitude towards working females was greatly changed in the post-war period, when it was necessary to improve an economic situation in the country and decrease the level of mens unemployment.Deirdre Beddoes maintains the similar notion, as she states, In the inter-war years only one desirable image was held up to women by all the mainstream media agencies that of house wife and mother9. However, Marcus Collins suggests that at the beginning of the twentieth century elderly marriages in Great Britain were replaced by marriages based on equality and freedom, despite the attempts of the British government to destroy this equality10. In view of such ambiguous lively opinions, further analysis makes an attempt to overcome these differences and evaluate the extent of females return to domesticity and motherhood.4 Research methodologyThe research is conducted, applying to two theoretical methods feminist approach and a social constructionist approa ch. These theories provide an fortune to analyse the issue of womens return to domesticity and motherhood in Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century from different perspectives and historical context. As a valid mechanism of analysis, the feminist approach observes womens position in Britain in the inter-war period, demonstrating the changes within society.It is excessively aimed at evaluating various literary works through political, social, economic and historical contexts, trying to reveal unsophisticated portrayal of females in both mens and womens writing. The social constructionist approach demonstrates that women follow the norms of society that assigns specific roles for both males and females. Thus, females sexuality is defined by cultural and social factors.5 Discussion5.1. Historical BackgroundUntil the end of the nineteenth century British women had been prohibited any display of free will and independence instead, they had to follow the existing social nor ms that defined them the roles of wife and a mother, depriving females of the opportunity to receive education or work. This especially regarded women of the upper and middle classes who had to subjugate males in everything, because men controlled all aspects of social, cultural and political life in Britain. They also controlled familys property, thus a wife received nothing, if she persistent to divorce even her children remained with preserve.In view of such norms, it was a level for a man, if his wife expressed a desire for work as Jane MacDiarmid puts it, Middle-class women were ladies for whom waged work was demeaning, indeed a slur on middle-class manhood11. However, the position of British women began to slightly change with the rise of the suffrage movement, on the one hand, and the inability of females to find unbefitting match, on the other hand. Some females made weak attempts to receive education and achieve independence, but in the majority of cases parents did no t allow them to acquire specific professions.Gradually, the number of British women who did not have any occupation and could not link up became so intensified that British society realised the necessity of providing women with some occupation and professional skills. But as Althea Cullen reveals, the question of creating employment for needy gentlewomen posed severe social problems in a period when lady and work were contradictions in terms12.The fact is that British patriarchal society continued to impose restrictions on females occupation, wishing to preserve their position of a wife and another and forbidding them to interfere into males jobs. As the majority of girls in Britain received a crucial part of their education in the home13, they could only work as governess, nurses or teachers.If women in Britain treasured to receive another occupation, such as drawing or banking, they had to acquire specific vocational training. Although some educational establishments, like Bedfo rd College, the Female instruct of Design and Queens College were established to provide females with necessary knowledge in teaching skills and art, the number of women in these colleges was disastrously low. British society continued to maintain its previous stereotypes and considered it inappropriate for females to be attractestly engaged in such activity as art or writing, because the serious pursuit of art was incompatible with the demands of marriage and domesticity it unsexed women14.When the First World War began, British females received an opportunity to replace men in the working places. Women of the middle-class society were mainly engaged in civil activity, while females of the working-class society worked on munitions factories and other industries. As Pugh states, in 1918 more than 110,000 females worked negligent places15. However, by 1919 the situation in Britain had changed and women started to gradually return to domesticity and motherhood.On the other hand, t his return was different for working-class females and middle-class females. The first group of women had used to work before the First World War and their position did not change much in the post-war period, except some improvements unemployment. But the second group of females entered occupations which they would have never dreamt of pursuing in practice circumstances16. As a result, some of them abandoned the work after the end of the First World War, while others continued to run their professional duties, though the British government made everything to suppress such females activity.5.2. Domesticity and motherhood in Britain in the years 1919-1939The First World War aggravated the living conditions of British people and intensified the problems that had already existed in the country in the pre-war period. For instance, the spread of venereal diseases began to threaten womens fertility17, and various social changes divine by the War resulted in the decrease of the countrys power, especially in the sphere of economics.The conditions of females and children in Great Britain were especially labyrinthian. In the absence of men, females began to realise that they had to take responsibility for their homes and children on themselves however, they were also forced to substitute males on their working places. In addition, those males who were not killed in the War were psychologically undone by the war experience and the difficult economic conditions, with which people collided in the post-war period.As Sally Alexander puts it, After the War, the sexual division of labour was again a source of crash18. Thousands of British males who came back home in 1919 realised that their jobs were taken away by females. Thus, men could no longer support their families in inappropriate way and women refused to abandon their jobs. Such a shifting economic positions of women and men resulted in mens unemployment that was proved by the official data of the twentieth centu ry19. Some men had to send their children in search of a work to South or even sell them, this especially regarded young girls of British miners who lost their jobs in the post-war period. Men started to experience the lack of lordliness that ordinarily resulted in the destruction of a family or their own personalities.The situation was complicated by serious economic depression of 1921that was a direct consequence of the First World War, as many industries in Britain were destroyed. Besides, the country that lost great part of male population during the War was impaired and required fresh force to cope with the negative consequences of the War. As Kent claims, marriage and marital sex bore the brunt of restoring social harmony in post-war Britain20.The British government understood that it was crucial to restore the traditional division of gender roles. As women returned to domesticity and motherhood, they were gradually transformed into new females. In the pre-war period Britis h women occupied lower legal, cultural and social position than males, but the changes inspired by the War and the suffrage movement resulted in the improvement of womens conditions21.In particular, females turned from passive creatures to active figures, while men changed into indifferent personalities. In addition, the British parliamentary franchise was extended to women aged 30 years Andover who were occupiers, or wives of occupiers, of land or premises of not less than five pounds annual value22. It was also given to those females who had a university degree. This was an important change in females position, because since 1832 franchise had been given only tamales in Britain, harmonize to the Great Reform Act23.New females made constant attempts to improve their marriages and their education, interest the ideas of freedom and equality. For instance, they managed to create a great number of Womens Clubs and garner there to discuss various females issues or oppose some legal de cisions. The fact is that, although British government provided females with the voting rights, it still restricted their participation in certain spheres of political, economic, cultural and social life24. Some British politicians considered that young females would support only one political party, thus they challenged the necessity to give legal rights to women, instead suppressing their freedom of actions and excerpt. As a result, the impact of women as voters on politics and policy was slight, except possibly to reinforce bourgeois and Conservative Party values, including traditional values ofdomesticity25.However, as women began to succeed in both domestic and working spheres, they proved their abilities to combine professional careers with the position of a wife and a mother. Females realised that family is their main responsibility, but concord to Rhea Dorr, place is not contained within the four walls of an individual home, Home is the community. The city full of peopl e is the Family. The public school is the real Nursery. And soberly do the Home and the Family and the Nursery need their mother26. If British females failed to prove their rights in peace negotiations with political leaders, they turned to active military actions that usually ended in their imprisonment.The years 1919-1939 in Britain are contributionised by the spread of hunger-strikes among women that were usually suppressed by the government. Therefore, these women passed the way from the gallant girls of the eighteenth century to domestic women and feminists of the twentieth century. Some females worked as hard as men both during and after the First World War, running the risk of miscarriage, starving or death, though British media, as Deirdre Beddoes claims, concealed these facts, instead introducing the stereotypic ideals of females that were changed from time to time due to social, cultural and political changes27.The British government continued to implicitly oppose wome ns inter-group communication into the working industrial process, maintaining the notion that if married females earned money, they deprived men and unmarried females of the opportunity to earn theirliving28. Such a viewpoint can be understood, if taken into account serious unemployment in Britain in 1920s. As a result, the greater part of married British women was unemployed in the period of 1919-1939.Even in 1928 when females managed to achieve equality in voting rights, their political involvement declined still further, reinforced by powerful and effective social military press upon women to give primacy to their domestic roles29. Specific official policies were implemented in Britain to make women return to domesticity, as the First World War wasover30.Those married women who still worked were exposed to social rejection and punishment in other cases, women were driven over the edge, as owners of industrial companies made them perform the same amount of work as men who were p hysically stronger than women. As one female worker claimed, He husband might as intumesce have a woody woman. Were that tired by the end of the evening were fit for nothing31. As a result, many British companies preferred to shoot men for different kinds of work, especially in factories, while women were hired only for seasonal or temporary activities, if there was shortage of man power during complex periods of manufacturing.As British women received training only in housekeeping and crafts, they were not allowed for qualified jobs in offices or banks32. Infect, they were suited only for household work, especially if women were more than thirty. Young girls were more appropriate for a job, because they required less salary than men and older women. Thus, women had no choice but to fully involve in domesticity and motherhood, finding new interests in this routine.It was only in 1939 that the attitude towards women began to change, and many industries preferred to hire women rath er than girls or men. The formation of trade unions in Britain greatly contributed to these changes. However, British women were still forbidden to work at night and, in this regard, their earnings were relatively low33. Such a situation had existed until the end of the twentieth century.British literature of the twentieth century reflects the conditions of women after the First World War, simultaneously show that womens return to domesticity and motherhood did not deprive females of the opportunity to take part in certain occupations, especially, art, writing, home design, nursing, gardening, banking34. For instance, in Diary of a Provincial brothel keeper Elizabeth Monica Delafield creates a woman who lives in English countryside in the midst of Two World Wars and who tries to combine her household duties with her attempts to become author.This female character has to deal with a lazy and tedious husband, disobedient children, argumentative servants and other arrogant people who surround her in the village, such as Lady Bakeshop and Lady Boxed. She tries to please the members of her family in all possible ways, but receives nothing in return, except complaints and whims. In particular, her husband Robert constantly keeps silence and ignores her, as the Provincial Lady claims, Speak of this to Robert, who returns no answer. maybe he is afraid of repeating himself?35Robert is used to sit lazily and read a newspaper or a book, while his wife controls everything in the house Robert comes very late and says he must have dropped over the Times36.Robert makes no attempt to understand his wife and does not postulate to help her instead he is absorbed in his interior(a) world, in his thoughts and personal business. However, the Provincial Lady is truly devoted to Robert and her children Robin and Vicky, although she tries to conceal her feelings from other people, especially her neighbours. Delafield shows that British society does not understand such awe a nd love instead, it forces people to adhere to strict norms and act like machines that possess no emotions and feelings.When the Provincial Lady talks with Lady B. about Robin, she states that I refer to himin a detached way as the boy so that she shant think I am foolish about him37. In fact, the Provincial Lady implicitly criticises society, in which she lives, when she uncovers her inner thoughts through her diary. On the other hand, Delafield embodies her ideals of domesticity in the character of the Provincial Lady, portraying her as an ideal mother, a wife and a woman who successfully copes with all affairs, including childrens up going.The writer intensifies these images of domesticity and motherhood by contrasting the Provincial Lady with other characters, such as Robert, Lady Boxed and Lady Bakeshop. As the vote counter claims at the beginning of the Diary, Plant the indoor bulbs. Just as I am in the middle of them, Lady Boxed calls. I say, untruthfully, how nice to see he r38.These words reveal that the Provincial Lady tries to maintain expert relations with everyone, including her family, friends, relatives and neighbours, but simultaneously they demonstrate that she is overwhelmed with household duties, while other people lead lazy existence.Although her family belongs to middle-class society, the Provincial Lady considers that it is her responsibility to take control over her household. She realises that in such a complex inter-war period she needs all her strength and wit to support her family and keep up it. On the contrary, her husband avoids any household work, failing to realise that his wife is the only person who tries to save her family from destruction. In this regard, the Provincial Lady proves to be stronger than her husband who is portrayed as a passive creature without any hopes and desires. However, the principal female character perceives reality with enthusiasm and understanding.It is an funny mavin of humour that helps the Pro vincial Lady to perfectly deal with various people and events. For instance, when she goes to her sons school for a meeting, she ironically describes this visit unwrap that history, as usual, repeats itselfDiscover strong tendency to exchange with fellow-parents exactly the same remarks as last year, and the year before it39. In this regard, this female character demonstrates not only a complete devotion to her family, but also wit and politeness. The latter features also allow her to write essays and sketches for The Provincial Lady Goes Further. Although this woman is used to live in middle-class society that is obsess with gossips and secrets, she constantly reveals her difference from other members.The Provincial Lady often challenges cursory life of women throughout the narration, claiming that she is not able to understand them and their style of life. According to the feminist approach, women were usually misrepresented in literature40 however, such female writers as Eliza beth Monica Delafield, Jan Struthers and Virginia Woolf make attempts to overcome the traditional image of women, instead introducing a truthful portrayal of middle-class females. The female character of Jan Strutherss literary work Mgrs.Minivan is also a symbol of British domesticity before the Second World War. Portraying daily life of Mgrs. Minivan, the writer uncovers the tensions between domestic ideologies of 1919-1939 and the feminist movement that emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. However, through the principal female character that belongs to the middle-class society Struthers reveals that at the beginning of the twentieth century women managed to overcome domestic restrictions by reviving domesticity and motherhood, but not by opposing these ideologies. In fact, Struthers demonstrates the attempts of females to balance new domestic ideology with traditional domesticity.Similar to the Provincial Lady, Mgrs. Minivan describes her household duties and her struggl e for independence in the inter-war period. As Jan Struthers herself managed to combine her duties of a wife with a career of a writer, she was well aware of the inability of some females to accept the pressure of social norms.In Mgrs. Minivan the writer depicts domestication through the characters privacy and self- respect. She is an ideal of a good woman and a wife who is not destroyed by household duties and childrens upbringing. Instead, Mgrs. Minivan utilises domesticity to shape her personality and improve her inner world. As Judy Giles puts it, educated women may have enjoyed a degree of privacy, at present connected to the home and its pleasures, in which to nurture forms of selfhood unknown to either their mothers or their daughters41.Despite the fact that Mgrs. Minivan has fewer servants than she used to have in the pre-war period, she has more freedom and more opportunities. After the War middle-class society lost their servants, as they were young girls who began to wo rk on factories however, some devoted servants remained in the disposition of these people. As Mgrs. Minivan does not have to work hard to earn her living, she utilises her knowledge to reveal herself through domestic activity, including cooking, upbringing, childcare and interior design. Gradually, a woman manages to create a true home, a private fashion of ones own, as Virginia Woolf claims in her essays42.As a housewife has much free time, she is able to improve her skills income occupations. A woman no longer feels herself in a prison, but instead she transforms her home into a sacred place such a change is obvious throughout Strutherss narration. As Mgrs. Minivan states, Not that she didnt enjoy the holiday but she always felt a little relieved when they were over. Her normal life pleased her so well that she was half afraid to step out of its frame in case one day she should find herself unable to get back43.The principal female character does not make an attempt to run away from reality, but she finds many congenial things in her home, unlike females of the nineteenth century who suffered much under the control of their parents and husbands. Domesticity becomes an important part of her soul the writer describes her domestic activities in much detail to reveal Mgrs. Minivans obsession with her work Tea was already laid Three new library books lay virginally on the fender-stool The clock on the mantelpiece chimed, very softly and precisely, five times44.Mgrs. Minivan, similar to the Provincial Lady, likes her home and is truly devoted to her family. She manages to find her independence in domesticity and motherhood besides, she receives an opportunity to think much about her life and the world around her. Mgrs. Minivans domestic activity satisfies her needs, although she collides with difficulties from time to time. But the characters intelligence allows her to create an unusual approach to domestic affairs she managed to keep household matters in what she considered their proper place.They should be no more, she felt, than a low, unobtrusive humming in the background of consciousness the mechanics of life should never be allowed to interfere with living45. Mgrs. Minivan follows such an approach in everything, even in childrens upbringing. She reveals certain respect towards children Judy, Vin and Toby and provides them with freedom of actions, simultaneously maintaining her own independence. This viewpoint positively contributes to her relations with a husband Clem, because Mgrs. Minivan considers every relationships a pair of intersecting circles46. Although Mgrs. Minivan is really close to her husband, she is also separated from him, as she preserves some parts of her identity to herself.Therefore, this female character is portrayed as a splendid mother and wife, but she is also a great individual, because she does not allow domesticity to destroy her identity, although many females were psychologically destroyed by househol d duties in the nineteenth century. Mgrs. Minivan strives for privacy thus almost nothing is known about her, except her thoughts and humour. However, it is through her words, domestic affairs and relations with other people that Struthers uncovers Mgrs. Minivan.Applying to the character of Mgrs. Minivan, the writer wants to prove that domesticity provides an opportunity for self-development. In this regard, domesticity is not a barrier to independence and growth on the contrary, as the feminist approach demonstrates, it can bring many positive results for both a woman and her family, if a person knows how to rightfully utilise them47. does not lose her sense of humour, her power and independence even under really complex conditions.When the Second World War begins, she makes constant attempts to preserve her home and save the members of her family. The character does everything with enthusiasm and reveals unusual spirit in all affairs. When Mgrs. Minivan goes shopping, she observes other people when she does some work, she tries to metamorphose this daily routine. Similar to the Provincial Lady, Mgrs. Minivan mainta